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RDA > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does Biological Sex distinguish and what is it the result of

A

gender

It is the result of chromosomes
and results in the production of gametes

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2
Q

what does sexual reproduction do

A

produces offspring that differ genetically from both parents.

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3
Q

what is sexual intercourse

A

Sexual intercourse is required for sexual reproduction; involves sexual activity and
pleasure.

Also, human bonding.

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4
Q

what pathways are associated with pleasure

A

Pathways for reward and pleasure in mesolimbic dopaminergic system.

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5
Q

what other pathways are involved in procreation, role in human bonding and parental
behaviours

A

Neuroendocrine pathways regulating fertility and parenting;

Control of movements by nigrostriatal tract;

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6
Q

what do these systems do

A

link human bonding with

reproduction and parenting

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7
Q

what is the role of the brain

A

controls gamete production via the hypothalamic-pituitary-

gonadal axis.

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8
Q

what is penile erection controlled by

A

brain via the spinal cord and efferent nervous system.

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9
Q

what direct interaction can cause erection

A

Tactile stimulus can activate the afferent system via the pudendal nerve; a more direct
interaction between spinal cord and penis.

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10
Q

what changes occur during erection (which limb of ANS dominates)

A

increased parasympathetic activity to smooth muscle of pudendal artery

Increase NO activity = increase blood flow in corpus cavernosum

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11
Q

which vein is compressed restricting outflow of blood

A

dorsal vein

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12
Q

how it the urethra protected from increased pressure

A

surrounding corpus spongiosum

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13
Q

how does viagra work

A

Cyclic GMP is normally de-activated by a phosphodiesterase enzyme

Viagra inhibits the phosphodiesterase, thus potentiating the effects of cyclic GMP.

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14
Q

what is the female erectile tissue called

A

clitoris

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15
Q

main functions of male reproductive system are

A

the provision of androgens and the production of mature sperm!

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16
Q

role of testis

A

contains seminiferous tubules which produce sperm

and leydig cells which produce testosterone.

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17
Q

role of epididymis

A

sperm released from testes and stored here prior to ejaculation

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18
Q

what happens at ejaculation

A

sperm passes through the vas deferens and mixed with fluid.

Fluid leaves ejaculatory duct and passes to urethra where it mixes with secretions from prostate gland.

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19
Q

how does Spermatogenesis change over life

A

normally continues through adult life after it starts at puberty.

Quality and quantity of sperm may decline with age

20
Q

what are Key tissues for reproductive function

A

Ovary, Fallopian tube, Uterus

21
Q

role of ovary

A

produces gametes (oocytes)

and steroids (progesterone and estrogens)

22
Q

role of Fallopian tube

A

oocyte reaches the uterus via this; providing an appropriate environment to maintain either an oocyte or conceptus (fertilized oocyte).

IN THE AMPULLA

23
Q

role of uterus

A

conceptus normally implants here and is supported throughout pregnancy

24
Q

what are Thecal cells responsible for

A

responsible for the production of the androgenic precursors

25
Q

what produces oestrogen’s and progesterone during the second half of the ovarian cycle

A

granulosa cells

26
Q

define key phases of the menstrual cycle.

A

Part 1= Endometrial cycle:

Part 2= Ovarian cycle:

27
Q

what are the stages of the endometrial cycle

A
  • menstrual phase (5 days),
  • repair and proliferative phase (9 days),
  • secretory phase (13 days).
28
Q

what are stages of the ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase (14 days),

* luteal phase (14 days)

29
Q

what happens to basal body temp during mensturation

A

rises slightly around the time of ovulation.

30
Q

what hormonal changes cause ovulation

A

Within HPG axis, change from negative to positive feedback to cause LH surge and ovulation.

31
Q

what happens during the Menstrual phase

A

shed blood and endometrial lining; remaining basal endometrium is very thin.

32
Q

what happens during Repair and proliferative phase

A

stimulation of endometrial cell proliferation; increase in thickness, number and length of glands/ arteries.

33
Q

Secretory phase

A

production of nutrients and other factors. Epithelial glands widen, endometrium thicken, increased coiling of arteries.

34
Q

how does the number of follicles in ovary vary until birth

A

Ovaries contain around 6 million primordial follicles at 20 weeks of development. By delivery of the infant, this has fallen to around 1 million per ovary.

35
Q

how many follicles will be ovulated during the reproductive life-time

A

Around 400 follicles

36
Q

how many sperm do testes produce per day

A

100 million sperm per day, from puberty onwards

37
Q

describe passage of sperm from deposition to meeting egg

A
  • Sperm are deposited near the cervix
  • Passage of sperm through the uterus and into fallopian tube
  • Sperm swims from fallopian tube to ampulla; capacitation is essential preparation before sperm meets oocyte
  • Meeting of egg with sperm
38
Q

describe how seem fuses with egg

A

acrosome reaction, calcium influx,
resumption of meiosis and release of second polar body

change in zona pellucida to prevent additional sperm fusing with zygote

initiation of mitotic divisions in embryo.

39
Q

how many hours post ovulation does egg fusion occur

A

within 24 hours post ovulation

40
Q

what forms a physical barrier to sperm

A

Cervical mucus is normally hostile to sperm

Cervical mucus changes at mid-cycle

41
Q

what happens in gonadotrophin independent growth

A

primordial follicle pool - primary follicles - preantral follicles

42
Q

what happens in gonadotrophin dependent growth

A

small antral follicle - large antral follcile - preovulatory follcile

43
Q

how many chromosones in primary oocyte and secondary oocyte

A

primary - 2n

secondary - n (becuase first polar body has been released)

44
Q

summarise oogenesis

A

Ovulation = release of mature oocyte (egg) from the ovary
Oocyte is 2n at this stage, in meiotic arrest (metaphase II)

Enters the Fallopian tube

45
Q

how quickly does the oocyte need to be fertilised before it degenerates

A

within 24 hours

46
Q

what happens after fertilisation to maternal and paternal chromosones

A

Meosis of maternal chromosomes resumes, forming female pronucleus (23 chromatids), and 2nd polar body

Sperm chromosomes decondense to form male pronucleus - 23 chromatids

47
Q

what are the barriers to fertilisation

A

Corona radiata
Zona Pellucida
Plasma membrane

RDA (12 decks)

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