child development Flashcards
what is child development
global impression of a child which encompasses growth, increase in
understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviour.
evolves from helpless infancy to independent adult
Four developmental fields are:
1) gross motor and posture
2) fine motor and vison
3) language and hearing
4) social, emotional and behaviours.
Developmental progress depends on
interplay between biological and environmental
influences; following a constant pattern,
LOOK AT THE KEY MILESTONES
LOOK AT THE KEY MILESTONES
why are Primitive reflexes important
protective and have a survival value.
They promote proper orientation
and postural support
give examples of primitive reflexes
stepping, moro, grasp, asymmetric tonic reflex, rooting.
when should primitive reflexes appear and disappear
all during 4-6 months
abnormal if they are not present at birth
and if they persist
after 6 months.
what are Limit ages
the age by which key performance skills (milestones) should have achieved (2SD from mean)
Developmental progress can be monitored or identified through
lopmental screening or by the use of standardised developmental tools
Abnormal development refers to…
the slow acquisition of skills
Abnormal development follows three main
patterns
slow but steady
plateau (good progression which then stops)
regression (loss of
skills previously acquired).
define Consonant delay
all domains affected to same extent
define dissonant delay
domains affected
to different extent
name some biological factors that impact development
folate deficiency can impact development by increasing the risk of neural tube defects.
what can Global developmental delay be caused by
down’s syndrome
FAS
meningitis
trauma
what can delays in talking be caused by
stammering
hearing deficit
maturation delay environmental factors
what can delay in walking be caused by
maturation delay, severe learning disabilities, cerebral palsy
Children may present with developmental defects via what routes
Identification of antenatal or postnatal risk factors
Developmental screening
Concerns raised by parents or other healthcare professionals
important history considerations for developmental delay
Antenatal- illnesses/ infections; medications; drugs
Birth- premature; prolonged/ complicated labour
Postnatal- illness/infections; trauma
Consanguinity- increases chances or chromosomal and recessive conditions
Developmental milestones from parent
important examination considerations for developmental delay
Growth parameters- height, weight, head circumference
Dysmorphic features
Neurological examination and skin
Systems examination to identify associations, syndromes
Standardised developmental assessments- SOGSII, Griffiths, Denver
what professionals need to be part of an MDT for patients with developmental delay
paediatrician, specialist health visitors, speech
and language therapists, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, psychologist
define Autism
Neurobiological disorder characterised by qualitative impairment of social interaction and
communication
what behaviours do people with autism tend to posses
restricted, repetitive and stereotypical patterns of behaviours,
interests and activities.
gender difference in autism
Higher prevalence in boys than girls and
usually presents between 2-4 years.
Features of include:
impaired social interaction
speech and language disorder
imposition of routines with ritualistic and repetitive behaviour
Comorbidities of autism include
learning and attention difficulties, and epilepsy
what are diagnostic criteria for ADHD
inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity lasting <6 months and
commencing < 7 years;
inconsistent with child’s developmental level
risk factors for ADHD
neurological disorder 1st degree relative with family member with depression learning disability antisocial personality and substance abuse.
risk factors for ADHD
neurological disorder 1st degree relative with family member with depression learning disability antisocial personality and substance abuse.
A significant proportion of children with ADHD will become adults with…..
antisocial personality
increased incidence of criminal behaviour and substance abuse.
what is Cerebral palsy
A disorder of movement and posture arising from a non-progressive lesion of the brain acquired before the age of 2 years.
management of cerebral pasly
Aim is to minimise spasticity and manage associated problems
management
look at diagram on medlearn
management of ADHD
Psychotherapy
Family therapy
Drugs – (Ritalin),
Diet – exclusion of certain foods e.g food colouring
causes of learning disability
chromosome disorders
postnatal cerebral insults
metabolic or degenerative diseases
causes of learning diability
chromosome disorders
postnatal cerebral insults
metabolic or degenerative diseases
what do patients with learning disability present with
reduced intellectual functioning, delay in early milestones, dysmorphic features, ± associated problems (epilepsy, sensory impairment, ADHD)
Management of learning disabilities
Involves establishing a diagnosis and input from the multidisciplinary team with long term follow up.
