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RDA > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is Early development of the human embryo is vulnerable to

A

teratogens- factors that can affect the details of development.

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2
Q

what complications can occur early

A

spina bifida and cleft palate occur in early stages of development.

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3
Q

when is spontaneous loss of pregnancy most common

A

during the first trimester is very common and

around 1/3 of all conceptions do not complete the first trimester

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4
Q

what is absolute limit of infant survival

A

the second trimester is the absolute limit of infant survival, without modern neonatal intensive care

22 weeks of pregnancy and 50% survival at about 25 weeks.

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5
Q

how long is first trimester

A

0-13 weeks

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6
Q

how long is second trimester

A

14-26

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7
Q

what gestational age is limit of viability

A

23 weeks

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8
Q

once limit of viability is passed what becomes a problem

A

early delivery (10%)

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9
Q

what causes early delivery

A

labour starting before term

deteriorating maternal or fetal health- growth restricted infants

and pre-eclamptic pregnancies.

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10
Q

define term time period

A

term covers 37-41 weeks of gestation

expected time of delivery is term (39-40 weeks)

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11
Q

what infants are at most risk and why

A

Infants born before 32 weeks GA

due to incomplete development of their lungs, digestive system, brain and immune system.

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12
Q

what are the main risks in the 3rd trimester

A

concerned with birth.

Risks associated with labour can be minimised by monitoring fetal health and

delivery by Caesarean section if that is indicated.

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13
Q

what time period is the 3rd trimester

A

27-39 weeks

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14
Q

what anatomical and physiological changes INCREASE in mother during pregnancy

A 
weight
hormone levels
blood clotting tendency
basal body temp
breast size
nausea and vomiting
vaginal mucous production
ALL INCREASE
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15
Q

WHAT decreases in mother

A

Decreased blood pressure

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16
Q

what other functions and states off the body are altered in the mother

A

Altered brain function/ appetite/ fluid balance and

urinary frequency/ emotional state/ joints/ immune system

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17
Q

what happens when the conceptus make contact with maternal tissue at week 4

A

As conceptus grows, it makes transient contact with maternal capillaries

rapidly proliferating cytotrophoblast cells form a shell around the conceptus

18
Q

what do cut-trophoblast cells do to the conceptus wk4

A

isolates conceptus from maternal blood

19
Q

what provides nutrients for the placenta and developing baby during first trimester

A

Decidual glands hypertrophy

20
Q

how long does the cytotrophoblast shell last

A

Cytotrophoblast shell remains in place till about 10 weeks gestation, blocking the spiral arteries.

21
Q

how do cytotrophoblast cells remodel the arteries

A

During weeks 10-12 gestation, the shell gradually breaks down

results in the spiral arteries providing maternal blood to the placenta

22
Q

what provides nutrients following breakdown of cytotrophoblast shell

A

spiral arteries are main supply of nutrients to the developing placenta and fetus

23
Q

give a specific cause of miscarriage in late first trimester

A

If the placenta is not fully anchored to the maternal decidua, the increase in pressure can detach the placenta leading to miscarriage

24
Q

Remodelling of spiral arteries by cytotrophoblast cells begin and end

A

begins: 1st trimester
ends: 16-18 weeks gestation

(nutrient provision throughout trimester 2/3 the. growth is high)

25
Q

why is spiral artery remodelling essential

A

it converts narrow arteries to wide-bore vessels that can transport large volumes of maternal blood- providing the quantities of nutrients needed

26
Q

name another distinguishing feature of the remodelled arteries

A

There is also a lack of smooth muscle

27
Q

list the main functions fo the placenta

A

Exchange of nutrients/waste between vascular systems

Connection
Seperation
biosynthesis - syntheti. active
Immunoregulation

28
Q

describe the immunoregulatory function of the placenta

A

Interactions between placenta and maternal tissue ensures there is no rejection of the conceptus during pregnancy

29
Q

how does the placenta connect and why is this vital

A

make strong connections with the underlying maternal decidua (uterine lining) to last for the 9 months of pregnancy.

Anchorage is essential as the placenta is in contact with maternal arterial blood.

30
Q

describe how placenta develops during pregnancy

A

placenta develops from a simple layer of cells to a complex multifunctional tissue as pregnancy progresses.

31
Q

what is the primary subunit of the placenta

A

placental villus which provides a large surface area for exchange between the maternal and fetal vascular systems

32
Q

compare functions of the placenta and lungs

A

Placenta has a parallel function to the lungs for the fetus during pregnancy so

the arterial system= de-oxygenated blood;

venous system= oxygenated blood

33
Q

Maternal surface of placenta sub-divided into…..

A

cotyledons, each containing one or more villi.

34
Q

where does the placenta develop

A

in the underlying layer of the cytotrophoblast, adjacent to the embryo

35
Q

describe how the placenta develops

A

Cytotrophoblast proliferates into the syncytium following implantation; first the cytotrophoblast column is formed which then undergoes branching. This branching process continues throughout pregnancy.

36
Q

does the placental villus change throughout pregnancy

A

Overall structure of placental villus does not change throughout pregnancy but there are a few modifications

37
Q

give an example of one of these modifications

A

For example, at term, there are fewer cytotrophoblast present which maxims the efficacy of nutrient transfer into the fetal blood, enhancing fetal growth in later pregnancy.

( closer apposition between the syncytium and the placental capillaries)

38
Q

define still birth

A

Stillbirth= death of an infant within the uterus, so that it is delivered without any signs of life;

delivery after viability limit (23 weeks); potentially viable infants

39
Q

what is still birth linked with

A

cases tend to be linked with labour, but some cases occur before delivery- complication of pregnancy

40
Q

when can still birth occur

A

It can occur at any gestational age, including term.

41
Q

define miscarriage

A

deliver before viability limit, non-viable infants

42
Q

how can infant be assessed with during development

A

Doppler ultrasound

a decrease in, or lack of, foetal movement may indicate an increased risk of still birth

RDA (12 decks)

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