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A & P final > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system

A 
gamete production 
storage
nourishment
transport
fertilization
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2
Q

what is testosterone secreted by

A

leydig cells

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3
Q

what kind of receptors do sertoli cells have

A

FSH receptors

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4
Q

what do the testes produce? what do they synthesize ?

A

sperm and synthesize testosterone

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5
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A

aromatize testosterone to estrone (estrogen derivative) and produce androgen binding protein (weaker form of estrogen)

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6
Q

what kind of fluid does the prostate produce

A

an alkaline fluid which helps keep sperm alive in the acidic female reproductive tract

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7
Q

what do seminal vesicles produce

A

fructose and prostaglandins

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8
Q

what does fructose nourish

A

sperm

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9
Q

what can prostaglandin trigger

A

minor uterine contractions which increase movement of sperm in the female reproductive tract

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10
Q

how many seminiferous tubles/testicles are there

A

250-1000

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11
Q

how much sperm is produced a day

A

200 million

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12
Q

how much sperm is considered infertile

A

< 2,000,000

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13
Q

what does FSH target and promote

A

targets sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

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14
Q

what does LH induce

A

induces secretion of testostrone and other androgens by Leydig (interstitial) cells

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15
Q

what does GnRH induce the release of

what is it also known as

A

LHRH

-induces release of FSH and LH

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16
Q

what does testosterone enhance in mena nd women
what does it increase
what does it protect against

A
  • enhances libido in men and women,
  • increases EPO (red blood cell production)
  • protects against osteoporosis
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17
Q

what is testosterone aromatized to

A

estradiol

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18
Q

what is the hypophyseal control of male reproduction

A
  • LH acts on leydig cells and FSH acts on the seminiferous tubules
  • inhibin inhibits FSH secretion in the pituitary
  • ABP (andorgen-binding protein) makes testosterone more water soluble
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19
Q

what are the principle organs of the female reproductive system

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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20
Q

many primary oocytes die before birth, they stop in what phase until puberty

  • how many are present at birth
  • how many are left at puberty
A

prophase 1
20 milliion
200,000 left by then

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21
Q

the first meiotic division is completed just before ______
what is this called
-halted at what phase until fertilized

A

ovulation
haploid secondary cycle
-halted at metaphase 2 until fertilized

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22
Q

what is the primary follicle in the ovarian cycle

A

pre-antral

-after this point, follicles (2ndary and tertiary) are involved in production of antral fluid which surrounds the oocyte

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23
Q

what cells are involved in the 2ndary follicle cycle

what do they do

A

-many granulosa cells
convert androstenedione to estradiol via an aromatase enzyme
-stromal cells near basement membrane differentiate into theca interna and externa

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24
Q

what does theca interna produce

what does thec externa produce

A

interna: produce the androgen androstenedione, which crosses the basal lamina to get into granulosa cells surrounding the ovum, where it is converted to estradiol by an aromatase enzyme
externa: fibroblasts

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25
Q

what is the tertiary follicle

-what does follicular fluid have a high concentration of

A

aka graafian follicle
the ones that’s ovulated
-follicular fluid has high concentration of steroid hormones

26
Q

what is menarche

A

the first cycle of puberty

27
Q

what are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menses
  2. folicular
  3. ovulatory
  4. luteal
28
Q

how long is the menses cycle

what happens here

A

5 days

FSH levels rise, stimulated by GnRH

29
Q

how long is the follicular cycle

what hapens here

A

10-16 days

  • FSH slowly falls while LH slowly increases
  • plasma estrogens and some progestins begin to increase as follicles mature before the LH surge and peak on the day of the surge
  • RISE IN LH IS DUE TO POSITIVE ESTROGEN FEEDBACK
30
Q

how long is the ovulatory phase

A

24-48 hrs

  • one day before LH surge and one day after
  • progesterone cause “thermogenic shift” around time of ovulation
31
Q

how long is the luteal phase and what happens here

A

relatively constant 14 days

-estradiol levels fall while progesterone levels increase

32
Q

what do estradiol and progesterone influence

A

cyclic changes in reproductive tract

33
Q

what are the uterine phases of cycle

A
  1. menstrual
    - sloughing off of entire functional layer of endometrium
  2. proliferative
    - endometrium increases in size and thickness
  3. secretory
    - begins on day of ovulation
    - glands coil and secrete carbohydrate-rich mucus
  4. ischemic: days 27-28
    - due to declining estradiol and progesterone
34
Q

what atrophy in menopause

what is there a decrease and increase in

A

ovaries atrophy w/ few, if any, follicles

  • decrease in estrogen and concomitant increase in FSH and LH
  • ratio of estrogens and androgens decrease
35
Q

what is estrone derived from

A

peripheral conversion of adrenal and ovarian androstenedione by aromatase

36
Q

when the ratio of estrogen to androgens decrease what happens

A
  • relative increase in hair growth
  • breast atrophy
  • vaginal dryness
  • epidermal layer of skin becomes thinner and -less elastic
  • hot flashes due to loss of vasomotor tone (temporary)
  • osteoporosis
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
37
Q

what happens in osteoporosis

A

-estrogen normally antagonizes PTH effects on bone but enhances its effects on kidney, also promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

38
Q

what is osteoporosis mediated by

A

osteoclastic factors released by T cells, normally suppressed by estorgen

39
Q

why is there an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in menopause

A

estrogen is a coronary vessel dilator

-there is a loss of protective effects of estrogen

40
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

ampulla of the oviduct

41
Q

what implants in the uterus

A

blastocyte

42
Q

what happens during capacitation of sperm

A

-increased motility and fusion of acrosomal pellet with membrane
-occurs when sperm leave inhibitory envirnoment of testes
=>acrosomal pellet uncovered

43
Q

what is the acrosome reaction during fertilization

what does it contain

A

acrosome binds to zona pellucida

-contains hyaluronidase and protease which helps sperm break through granulosa cells

44
Q

what is the fertilized egg called

A

zygote

-first mitotic division occurs

45
Q

how is polyspermy prevented by

A

secretion of inhibitory factors by the ovum

46
Q

when does implantation of the blastocyst occur

A

around day 8

-fluid filled cavity

47
Q

what do most chemical tests look for during pregnancy

what does this help maintain

A

the prescence of beta subunit of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) in the blood or urine, which can be detected after implantation
-helps maintain the corpus luteum and prevent menstruation

48
Q

what is the effect of estrogen during pregnancy

what is it required for

A
  • required for develpment of fetal lungs and liver
  • stimulates growth of MYOMETRIUM and mammary gland ducts and alveoli
  • promotes placental breakdown of cortisol, relieving inhibition of fetal cortisol production in preparation for birth
49
Q

what does progesterone do during pregnance

A
  • maintains secretory ENDOMETRIUM
  • thickens cervical mucous
  • inhibits maternal immune response to fetus
  • blocks uterine contraction
  • inhibits lactation
50
Q

why must patients be tapered off of steroid eyedrops

A

bc it takes time for natural cortisol production from the adrenal cortex to recover

51
Q

what regulates lactogenesis

A

prolactin

52
Q

when does lactogenesis begin

what is produced

A

5th month of gestation

  • but only colostrum is produced
  • high in carbohydrates, protein, and antibodies and low in fat
  • concentrated food for small GI tract
  • has laxative effect that helps clear bilirubin and prevent jaudice
53
Q

what is milk ejection induced by

A

oxytocin

-milk letdown reflex

54
Q

what does lactation reduce

A
  • reduces FSH and LH, resulting in lactational amenorrhea
  • reduced follicle formation

why pregnancy is likely during lactation

55
Q

how does oral contraception prevent ovulation

A

reducing LH and FSH

  • combination pill consisting of estrogen and progestin
  • inhibits midcycle gonadotropin surge and prevents ovulation
56
Q

what does oral contraception reduce the risk of? what does it increase?

A
  • reduces risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer
  • increases risk of venous thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease, particularly for those > 40 and smokers
  • women who dont smoke have no chance of severe side effects
57
Q

what is RU-486

A

progesterone receptor blocker
-high receptor affinity prevents progesterone from binding to its receptors and thus inhibits the action of circulating progesterone

58
Q

how is RU-486 taken

A

-single 600 mg dose taken orally in early preg, prior to 7 wks after the onset of the last menses, terminated pregnancy in 85% of cases

59
Q

what is plan B

A

a progesterone derivative which may prevent preg
-2 pills of 0.75 mg progestin levonorgestrel
-may prevent or delay ovulation
OR interfere w/ fertilization of an egg
OR prevent implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus by altering its lining

60
Q

how is plan B different from RU-486

A

it does not stop development of a fetus once the fertizlied egg implants the uterus
will not work if you are already pregnant

A & P final (8 decks)

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