Anatomy of the Abdominal Viscera

Question 1

what is aponeurosis

Answer 1

broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that invests and forms attachments for various muscles

Question 2

what is the peritoneum

Answer 2

smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen
-folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera

Question 3

what is the parietal layer of the peritoneum?

what is the visceral layer

Answer 3

parietal: outer layer closely adherent to the walls of the abdomen
visceral: inner layer that folds to invest the viscera

Question 4

what is the omentum

Answer 4

a fold of peritoneum connecting or supported abdominal structures such as the stomach and liver

Question 5

what is the mesentery

Answer 5

a fold of peritoneum that connects some abdominal viscera to the post body wall

Question 6

what is retroperitoneum

what are some examples of organs that are this?

Answer 6

situated or occurring behind the peritoneum

ex. kidneys, ascending/descending colon, most of the pancreas, most of the duodenum

Question 7

what is the esophagus behind

Answer 7

trachea

Question 8

what is a hiatal hernia

Answer 8

a hernia in which the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 9

what is the cardiac notch

Answer 9

acute angle formed btwn esophagus and stomach

Question 10

what is the main cuase of a stomach ulcer

• what does this produce and excess of
• what does this convert it into to damage the gastric mucosa

Answer 10

infection of H pyloria

-produce excess of ezyme, urease: which converts urea to an ammonia cation (NH4) and this damages the gastric mucosa

Question 11

what is the pH of the stomach

Answer 11

1-2

Question 12

what is gout

• why are the extremities affected?
• more common in people that eat what?
• more common in children who have what?

Answer 12

a condition in which uric acid crystals (derived from the breakdown of purines) accumulate in joints of the extremities

• extremities bc the crystals are more apt to precipitate at cooler temp
• particularly in the distal metatarsal in the big toe
• more common in ppl who eat organ meats/red meat
• autistic children tend to have high uric acid levels

Question 13

where is the pancreas located in

Answer 13

located in the post body wall

-retroperitoneal

Question 14

what is the pancreas in relationship to the duodenum

Answer 14

the head of the pancreas sits nestled in the duodenum

-tail extends retroperitoneally towards the spleen

Question 15

what are the anatomical landmarks of the pancreas

Answer 15

inf vena cava and aorta: just below the inf border of the duodenum
sup messenteric vessels: btwn inf border of the pancreas and duodenum

Question 16

in pancreatic cancer when can jaundice occur

what other obstruction can occur

Answer 16

• cause of extrahepatic obstruction of bile reults in jaundice
• may cause portal or IVC obstruction

Question 17

when a cancer metastasizes to the liver, the abiliy to process ______ becomes compromised

Answer 17

ammonia

Question 18

beta cells are about ___% of the islet mass
what cells are on the periphery
what produce pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

Answer 18

75-85% of the islet mass
alpha and delta cells are on the periphery
delta produce pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin

Question 19

what is the linea alba

Answer 19

the white line down the middle of the abdomen

• very little blood flows through
• safe point of incision for abdominal surgeries

Question 20

where is the right and left hypochonriac, epigastric, lumbar, umbilical, iliac, and hypogastic region located in respect to each other

Answer 20

R. hypochondria, epigastric, L. hypochondriac
R. lumbar, umbilical, L. lumbar
R. iliac, hypogastric, L. iliac

Question 21

what is in the right iliac region

Answer 21

appendix

Question 22

where is the pharynx located

-what does it connect

Answer 22

btwn mouth and esophagus

-connects the outside world to the respiratory and digestive tracts

Question 23

what ist he order of the Gi tract

Answer 23

mouth=> pharyns (naso, oro, laryngo)=> esophagus => stoamch => stomach=>small intest (duod, jej, ileum)=> large inst (coecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon)

Question 24

what kind of cells are in the serous membrane of the peritoneum

Answer 24

a monolayer of cuboidal cells w/ micrvilli w/ a little cxt tissue beneath it

Question 25

what does the peritoneum cover

Answer 25

covers intraperitoneal organs

-those organs w/in the cavity

Question 26

how can the greater omentum limit the spread of infection

Answer 26

can move around quite a bit, drapes over entire guts

• it theres a breach of the GI tract, GO will attempt to seal the breach to prevent the spread of bacteria
• protective but not for too long

Question 27

what is the small intestine connected to the body wall by

Answer 27

mesentery

Question 28

what is the mesentary important in

Answer 28

suspending guts and as a conduit for the delivery and removal of blood, lymphatics, and nerves from the tissues
-entry point for the blood supply

Question 29

anything in the post body wall is _______

what are some exmaples

Answer 29

retroperitoneum

• kidneys, ureters, and bladder
• ascending/desc colon
• most of duodenum
• most of pancreas (small piece extends into a ligament attaching to the spleen, the most islet dense region is here)