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A & P final > Anatomy of the Kidneys and Adrenal Glands > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Kidneys and Adrenal Glands Flashcards

1
Q
  • which kidney is higher up?
  • what are they covered by?
  • they are located behind the peritoneal cavity, what is this term called?
A
  • left higher
  • covered by floating ribs
  • retro-peritoneal
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2
Q

adrenal glands cap what border of the kidneys

A

superior-medial border

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3
Q

how many lobes are in a kidney

A

the number of meduallary pyramids (8-10)

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4
Q

where does 90% of blood passing through the kidney go

A

cortex

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5
Q

where are medullary rays in? what do they represent

A

cortex

represent aggregations of straight and collecting tubules

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6
Q

what is a renal lobule

A

medullary ray with surrounding cortical material

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7
Q

how many major calices are there

A

2-3

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8
Q

the collecting ducts perforate the tip of the ______

A

medullary pyramid

ex. renal papilla

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9
Q

what is the point of convergence of the 2-3 major calices

A

renal pelvis

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10
Q

_______ nephrons contribute tubules to the loop of henle

A

juxtamedullary

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11
Q

the kidney receives ____% of cardiac output

___% of flow is through the cortex

A

20%

90%

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12
Q

blood supply to the medulla is derived from the _________ of ___________

A

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli

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13
Q

the efferent arterioles juxtamedullary glomeruli give rise to _____ capillaries, and ______

A 
peritubular capillaries (like other glomeruli) 
vasa recta (straight, long capillaries)
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14
Q

what give rise to vasa recta?

A

arcuate arteries

efferent arterioles juxtamedullary glomeruli

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15
Q

urea is a breakdown product of ….

A

protein and ammonia metabolism

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16
Q

creatinine is a breakdown product of…

A

creatine (importnat part of muscle)

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17
Q

plasma glucose > _____mg% will spill into the urine

A

> 180mg%

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18
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the kidney

A

erythropoietin

renin

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19
Q

what is erythropoietin (EPO) produced by

when is it released

A

peritubular capillary endothelium

-released in response to low blood oxygen (hypoxia or reduced hemotocrit)

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20
Q

when is renin produced?
what system does renin stimulate?
what has the opposite effect as renin?

A
  • produced when bp is low
  • stimulates angiotensin system => increases blood pressure
  • atrial natiuretic factor has the oppoiste effect
21
Q

what contains cells of the macula densa?
where does macula densa occur?
what does the macula densa do?

A
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • occurs where the distal CT makes contact w/ the JG cells on the arteriole feeding into bowman’s capsule
  • monitors composition of fluid in tubular lumen
22
Q

what do extraglomerular mesangial cells (aka lacis cells) do

A

transmit information from macula densa to granular cells

23
Q

what do granular (JG) cells receive

A

the low sodium signal from cells of the macula densa

24
Q

what are granular cells

A

modified smooth muscle cells w/ epithelioid appearance located in afferent arteriole close to glomerulus
-synthesize the proteolytic enzyme renin

25
Q

the JG cells secrete renin in response to…

A
  1. beta-1 adrenergic stimulation
    - contract blood vessels/increase BP
  2. reduced renal perfusion presssure
    - detected directly by the JG cells
  3. decreased NaCl reabsorption by the macula densa
    - due to reduction in glomerular filtration rate
26
Q

what catalyses conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

A

renin

27
Q

what converts angiotension I to II

A

ACE
angiotensin converting enzyme
-produced the epithelial cells in lung capillaries

28
Q

what do ACE inhibitors do

A

block production of angiotensin II

29
Q

angiotensin II is a very potent…

A

vasoconstrictor

30
Q

normally, _______ splits to form the 2 kidneys, if it doens’t you will end up with a horseshoe kidney

A

primordial tissue

31
Q

what does metanephric duct develop to
what does metanephric blastema develop to
what does mesonephric duct develop to

what are all other parts derived from (except methanephric blastema)

A

most mature kidney tissue
nephrons and part of collecting duct
bladder trigone and the gonads

ureteric bud

32
Q

polycystic kidney disease

  • recessive or dom?
  • accounts for ____% of dialysis patients in the US
  • unilateral? bilater?
  • one of the most common….
  • what is the leading cuase of this
A
  • autosomal dominant disease
  • 10%
  • bilateral, progressive cystic dilation of the renal tubules
  • one of the most common inherited disorders
  • end stage diabetic nephropathy is the leading cuase
33
Q

there is an association btwn polycistic kidney disease and…

(similar 7-10th week embryognetic stages)

A

blepharochalasis

  • inflammation of the eyelid => atrophy
  • tends to affect upper lid more
  • thought to stem from a problem at the same embryological development point as PKD
34
Q

what are some associated abnormalities btwn kidney and eye problems

A

severe myopia, cataracts, papilledema, peripheral retinal pigmentation

35
Q

constrictions prevent backflow of urine from where to wehre

A

bladder to kidney

36
Q

where are the 3 locations wehre preventing backflow would be problematic

A
  1. where renal pelvis ends and ureter begins
  2. at point where ureter passes from abdomen to pelvis around sacral prominence
  3. where ureter obliquely enters bladder
37
Q

what is the detrusor muscle

A

the smooth muscle of the bladder

-outer longitudinal layer

38
Q

what is the detrusor muscle contolled by

  • what give feelings of fullness
  • what is the lumen lined by
A

parasmpathetic nervous system

  • sensory fibers give ruse to feelings of fullness
  • lumen lined by transitional epithelium
39
Q

what is incontinence

A

loss of bladder control

more common in women

40
Q

the first part of the male urethra travels through what

A

prostate

41
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

the constant feelings of needing to urinate

42
Q

what is reiter’s disease

A

triad of arthritis, conjunctivits, or anterior uveitis, and urethritis
-autoimmune disease

43
Q

what bacteria are known to cause Reiter’s disease

A 
shigella
slamonella
yersinia species 
campylobacter jejuni 
chlamydia trachomatis 
-these bacteria have proteins (antigens) w/ similar molecular structure to those in host => autoimmune reaction
44
Q

what are intravenous pyelogram used for
what is the most common cuase of blockage
-dye is injected and it filters throgh what before x rays are taken

A

to detect suspected obstruction to the flow of urine through the collecting system

  • most common cuase of blockage is a kidney stone (nephrolith)
  • dye is injected, it filters through kidneys and then x-rays are taken
45
Q

what is the capsule of the adrenal gland bound by

-where are the the adrean glands

A

renal fascia

-above the superior medial border of the kidneys

46
Q

in adrenal glands innervation is mostly _____ sympathetics that go to cells of the meulla

A

preganglionic

47
Q

what do zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis produce?

A

mineralcorticoids
glucocoritcoids
androgen/estrogen

48
Q

how do optometrists prescribe glucocorticoid steroids? for what?

  • how do these work
  • when the pt is taken off steroids what happens
A

topically or orally to treat inflammatory conditions

  • these steroids feed back to adrenals to turn off steroid production
  • their adrenals need time to bounce back
  • ocular steroids are tapered down slowly in pts that received topical steroids for more than a week

A & P final (8 decks)

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