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Endocrinology > Reproductive Organs > Flashcards

Reproductive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The male reproductive tract includes the ___________, a series of __________, accessory _________, and the ______________.

A

Paired testes

Ducts

Glands

External genitalia

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2
Q

Each testis is divided into around 250 lobules, each containing 1 to 3 highly coiled _________________, where male gametogenesis or ________________ occurs.

A

Seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis

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3
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

In the Leydig cells in the peritubular tissue

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4
Q

Explain the movement sperm takes through ducts of the male reproductive system.

A

Rete testes –> vasa efferentia –> epididymides –> vasa deferentia –> urethra

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5
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

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6
Q

What do the accessory glands of the male reproductive system do?

A

Secrete substances into the ductal system that combine with sperm and testicular fluid to form semen

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7
Q

The external genitalia include the ___________, which houses the testes, and the ____________, which is important in ______________ into the female reproductive tract.

A

Scrotum

Penis

Sperm delivery

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8
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the male reproductive system.

A

Left

Seminal vesicles

Ampulla of the vans deferens

Prostate

Bulbourethral gland

Bottom

Testis

Scrotum

Right

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Epididymis

Glans penis

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9
Q

Identify the labeled organs.

A

Vans deferens

Urinary bladder

Seminal vesicle

Prostate

Penis

Epididymus

Testes

Scrotum

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10
Q

Identify the parts.

A

Left

Urinary bladder

Prostate

Penis

Right

Ampulla of ductus deferens

Seminal vesicle

Bulbourethral gland

Vans deferens

Epididymis

Testis

Urethra

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11
Q

Remember, the distance between the genital papilla and the anus is always _______________ in _________ rats.

A

Greater

Male

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12
Q

Each testis is surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule called the _____________________, and a double layer of ______________, which is called the _______________, and also lines the inner surface of the scrotum.

A

Tunica albuginea

Mesothelium

Tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

The coiled tube found on the surface of each testis is the _________________.

A

Epididymis

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14
Q

The _______ epidiymis is anterior to the corpus epididymis, and the ___________ epididymis is posterior to the corpus epidiymis.

A

Caput (head)

Cauda (tail)

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15
Q

In rats, the cauda epididymis is surrounded by an ___________________.

A

Epididymal fat pad

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16
Q

What does the cauda epididymis lead to?

A

The vans deferens, which then extends through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity, leading to the urethra

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17
Q

The __________ remains open in the rate, occupied by another epididymal fat pad, whereas in humans, the ___________ typically close after testicular descent.

A

Inguinal canal

Inguinal canal

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18
Q

In rats, the ______________ are the lumpy glands located on either side of the urinary bladder, and the _______________, anterior to the prostate, is bilaterally attached to the lesser curvature of the seminal vesicles.

A

Seminal vesicles

Coagulating gland

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19
Q

In the rate, the prostate gland consists of how many paired lobes?

A

Three: the ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior (coagulating glands)

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20
Q

What is different about the rat prostate and human prostate?

A

The rat prostate is composed of three lobes while the human prostate is a single organ

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21
Q

The __________________ glands or Cowper’s glands are located near the base of the penis.

A

Bulbourethral

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22
Q

Additional glands found in male rats but not human males include the _______________ and the __________, which are modified ___________ glands found just lateral to the base of the penis. They are large, flattened, and tan-yellow in color.

A

Ampullary glands

Preputial glands

Sebacious glands

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23
Q

The _______________ extends from the trigone of the urinary bladder to the _____________________.

A

Urethra

External urethral orifice

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24
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

A

Left

Adrenal gland

Kidney

Urogenital opening

Urinary bladder

Penis

Head epididymis

Testis

Tail epididymis

Scrotum

Right

Ureter

Ducutus deferens/vans deferens

Spermatic cord

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25
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

A

Left

Kidney

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Penis

Bottom

Bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s gland

Seminal vesicles

Epididymis

Right

Vas deferens

Inguinal canal

Spermatic cord

Testis

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26
Q

The ______________ contains the ______________ along with testicular blood vessels and testicular nerve.

A

Spermatic cord

Vans deferens/ductus deferens

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27
Q

The ______________________ is the site in the abdominal wall where _____________ and ___________ tissue evaginate or outpocket to form the wall of the _________________.

A

Inguinal canal

Connective

Muscle

Scrotum

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28
Q

The _______________ is a white, globular mass posterior to the testes that connects the testes to the wall of the scrotum.

A

Gubernaculum

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29
Q

Identify the labeled organs.

A

Left

Penis

Right

Vas deferans

Seminal vesicle

Urethra

Bulbourethral gland

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30
Q

The external opening of the penis in the fetal pig is called the ___________________.

A

Preputial orifice

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31
Q

Identify the parts of the testis cell.

A

Seminiferous tubule

Interstitial cells

Sperm

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32
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the testis cell.

A

Left

Seminiferous tubule

Sertoli cells

Leydig cells

Right

Spermatogonia

Primary spermatocytes

Spermatids

Secondary spermatocytes

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33
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

A

Spermatid

Primary spermatocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Sertoli cell

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34
Q

Identify the labels.

A

Left

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonium

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary spermatocytes

Spermatids

Spermiogenesis

Sperm

Middle

Sertoli cell

Spermatogonium

Primary spermatocyte

Leydig cells

Right

Sertoli cell

Spermatids

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35
Q

From where in the male reproductive tract does this tissue come from?

A

Epididymis

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36
Q

What type of tissue is labeled? Where are the stereocilia?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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37
Q

What are stereocilia?

A

Stereocilia (or stereovilli) are non-motile apical modifications of the cell, which are distinct from cilia and microvilli, but closely related to the latter

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38
Q

What type of cell is this? What are its component parts? Where is it produced?

A

Sperm

Head (contains the nucleus), midpiece, and tail (flagellum)

Sertoli cells of the seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

Are there differences between species regarding sperm?

A

Yes, there are significant morphological differences

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40
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the human female reproductive system.

A

Left

Perimetrium

Cervix

Vagina

Right

Infundibulum

Uterine tube

Ovary

Fimbriae

Uterus

Urethra

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41
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the human female reproductive system.

A

Left

Permetrium

Infundibulum

Right

Fundus of uterus

Body of uterus

Uterine tube

Myometrium

Endometrium

Fimbriae

Ovary

Cervix

Vagina

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42
Q

What part of the uterus is shown? Identify the labels.

A

Endometrium

Stratum funcionalis

Stratum basalis

Myometrium

43
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the rat female reproductive system.

A

Ovary

Ovariduct

Uterus (left uterine horn)

Urinary bladder

44
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the rat female reproductive system.

A

Left

Uterine horn

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Right

Ureter

Uterus (body)

Vagina

45
Q

Identify the labeled female rate organs.

A

Left

Adrenal gland

Kidney

Ovary

Oviduct

Uterus (uterine horn)

Vagina

Urethral orifice

Vaginal orifice

Right

Ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

46
Q

In what animal is this figure? Identify the animal’s organs.

A

Ovary

Uterine horn

Urinary bladder

47
Q

Identify the organs in the female pig.

A

Top

Ovaries

Left

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Right

Uterine horn

Uterine body

Vagina

Urogenital opening

48
Q

The uterus of a pig is different than that of a human in that the upper part of the uterus is divided into two __________________.

A

Uterine horns

49
Q

Near the ovaries of a pig, the uterine horns become _____________.

A

Oviducts

50
Q

The _____________, which carries urine from the bladder, mergrs with the ________________ to form a common duct called the ____________________ in female pigs.

A

Urethra

Vagina

Urogenital sinus

51
Q

The basic unit of the ovary is the _____________.

A

Follicle

52
Q

Follicle growth and development begins ______________ and may not be completed for some 50 years later.

A

in utero

53
Q

The majority of ovarian follicles undergo a programmed death called _______________.

A

Atresia

54
Q

What are the stages of ovarian follicle growth?

A

Primordial

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary (antral)

55
Q

The fully mature, large tertiary follicles, which are primed for the ______ surge, are called the ______________ follicles.

A

LH

Graafian

56
Q

Upon _____________, the cells of the Graafian follicle undergo a process called ______________________ and a structure called the _______________ replaces the follicle.

A

Ovulation

Luteinization

Corpus luteum

57
Q

Regression of the corpus luteum is followed by the formation of ____________ called _________________.

A

Scar tissue

Corpus albicans

58
Q

In what organ would you find this cell? Identify its labeled parts.

A

Left

Graafian follicle

Resting tertiary follicle

Secondary follicle

Primary follicle

Primordial follicle

59
Q

What is this? Identify the labeled parts.

A

A mature or Graafian follicle in the ovary

Left

Basement membrane

Antrum

Theca cells

Right

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

Primary oocyte

Granulosa cells

60
Q

Identify the parts of the Graafian follicle.

A

From left to right

Antrum

Zona pellucida

Primary oocyte

Cumulus oophorus

61
Q

What are the stages of follicule development (in order)?

A

Primordial, primary, secondary, early antral, late antral, and Graafian

62
Q

Identify the stages of follicle development.

A

Primordial, primary, secondary, preantral, antral

63
Q

Label the stages of Graafian follicular development.

A

Primodrial, primary, secondary, Graafian

64
Q

Identify the labeled parts on the slide of a human ovary.

A

Top to bottom

Germinal epithelium

Tunica albuginea

Follicles

Cortex

Medulla

Left

Corpus luteum

65
Q

Identify the follicle type.

A

Primary

Primodrial

Primary

Secondary

66
Q

What type of follicle is this?

A

Antral/tertiary follicle

67
Q

The ___________ functions to receive fertilized ovum/early embryo and to provide te enviroment for subsequent embryo and fetal development.

A

Uterus

68
Q

Histologically, the uterus consists of three layers: ____________ (inner mucosa layer), ____________________ (muscularis), and _________________ (serosa).

A

Endometrium

Myometrium

Perimetrium

69
Q

The perimetrium consists of _______________ supported by a thin layer of ______________________.

A

Mesothelium

Connective tissue

70
Q

The myometrium consists of a thick layer of ____________________.

A

Smooth muscle

71
Q

The inner layer of the uterus is the __________________ and provides the environment for fetal development. The __________ _________ of the endometrium consists of _________________ (tissue type). The supporting _____________ of the uterus contains numerous uterine glands.

A

Endometrium

Surface epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Stroma

72
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

The inner layer or stratum functionalis

The underlying layer or stratus basalis

73
Q

What layer of the endometrium includes the epithelial lining and uterine glands?

A

Stratum functionalis

74
Q

What layer of the endometrium contains the blood vessels?

A

Stratum basalis

75
Q
A
76
Q

During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, ________ causes proliferation of the endometrial _____________, causing it to increase in thickness. It becomes more ________________, and the __________________ increase in number. This is called the _________________ phase of the menstrual cycle.

A

Estrogen

Stroma

Vascularized

Uterine glands

Proliferative

77
Q

In what stage of the ovarian cycle are follicles produced?

A

The follicular phase

78
Q

In what uterine phase are ovarian follicles produced?

A

The proliferative phase (stratus functionalis) and the preovulatory phase (stratus basalis)

79
Q

How can one distinguish the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

In the proliferative phase, the basalis proliferates to renew the functionalis layer; uterine glands are straight with minimal, if any, secretory product

In the secretory phase, the uterine glands are coiled and dilated; the secretion is first basally located before moving to the apex and lumen of the glands

80
Q

In what phase is the endometrium in this slide?

A

Proliferative

81
Q

In what phase is the endometrium in the slide?

A

Secretory

82
Q

Identify the labeled parts of the endometrium.

A

Myometrium

Endometrium

Stratum basalis

Stratum functionalis

Uterine glands

Stroma

83
Q

In rats, the _________________ epididymis leads to the vas deferens, which then extends through the inguinal cannal into the abdominal cavity, leading to the _______________.

A

Caput

Urethra

84
Q

The coagulating gland is the anterior _______________ in rats.

A

Prostate

85
Q

In rats, it is the secretions from the ___________ vesicles, ____________ gland, and ____________ gland that form the seminal fluid.

A

Seminal

Coagulating

Bulbourethral

86
Q

The bulbourethral glands or ____________ glands in rats are located near the base of the ___________, embedded within muscle.

A

Cowper’s

Penis

87
Q

Male pigs have a urogenital opening that is ______________ to the umbilical cord.

A

Caudal

88
Q

If you pass a probe through an inguinal canal, you should see the probe entering the ______________ puch.

A

Cremasteric

89
Q

The epididymis becomes uncoiled as it becomes the ________________, which forms part of the ______________.

A

Vas deferens

Spermatic cord

90
Q

The vasa deferentia cross over the ____________ and enter the urethra.

A

Ureters

91
Q

The gubernaculum, the tissue that connects the testes to the wall of the scrotum, plays a role in ______________ the testes into the scrotuma as it grows more slowly.

A

Pulling

92
Q

In the pig, the urethra is located at the base of the bladder. Following the urethra down, you will find the ______________, the white bulge of tissue on each side where the urethra meets the the penis. As the urethra continues down, it eventually bends back up toward the ________________. The external opening of the penis _______________ orifice is located just below the umbilical cord. The seminal vesicles are glands found on the dorsal surface of the urethra near the location where the vasa deferentia enter.

A

Bulbourethral glands

Umbilical cord

Preputial

93
Q

During the ___________ phase of the ovarian cycle, the increase _______________ from the ______________ promotes increased secretion from the ____________ glands. During ______________, the ___________________ is shed.

A

Luteal

Progesterone

Corpus luteum

Stratum functionalis

Menstruation

Stratum functionalis

94
Q

The ____________ reproductive system functions in female gamete production or _________, reception of male gametes, and provision of a suitable enviornment for fertilization as well as for the development of the _______.

A

Female

Oogenesis

Fetus

95
Q

The female reproductive system functions to provide a way for the ________________ of the developed fetus as well as provide nutrition to the newborn.

A

Expulsion

96
Q

The female reproductive system consists of the paired ____________ and ____________, the ______________, the vagina, the external genitalia, and the ___________ glands.

A

Ovaries

Oviducts

Uterus

Mammay

97
Q

What are the primary female reproductive organs?

A

The ovaries

98
Q
A
99
Q

During pregnancy, the size of the muscle fibers in the ________________ increase greatly, and the ____________ is able to produce very strong contractions during childbirth.

A

Myometrium

Myometrium

100
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the myometrium?

A

Longitudinal, oblique, and transferse

101
Q

The ovary is _________ in shape and about the size of a ___________.

A

Oval

Peanut

102
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The point of entry of the nerves and blood vessels into the ovary and serves as the site of attachment of the ovary to the mesovarium (portion of the broad ligament that suspends the ovary)

103
Q
A

Endocrinology (8 decks)

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