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Endocrinology > Endocrine Gland Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Gland Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the labels.

A

Top: Leydig cells

Bottom: Sertoli cells

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2
Q

What makes the pancreas different from other endocrine glands?

A

It has both endocrine (Islets of Langerhans) and exocrine (acinar cells) function

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3
Q

What endocrine gland produces T4 and T3?

A

The thyroid gland

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4
Q

The ___________________ is largely composed of nonmyleinated axons of neurosecretory neurons that extend from the _________________ and _______________ nuclei of the _____________________.

A

Posterior pituitary

Non-myelinated axons

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Approximately 25% of the posterior pituitary is composed of ___________________.

A

Pituicytes

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6
Q

The lactotrophs produce ______________.

A

PRL (prolactin)

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

A

The thyroid follicle

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8
Q

Describe the cells of the zona glomerulosa.

A

They are irregularly arranged in ovoid clusters that are separated by trabeculae

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9
Q

What are the cell types labeled in the figure? In what gland are they found?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Identify the two labeled parts to the left.

A

Far left: thyroid follicle cell

Left: Colloid of follicle cell

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11
Q

The adrenal medulla functions as a modified ______________ sympathetic _____________.

A

Modified

Ganglion

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12
Q

The acidophils stain ___________ with ___________ and have visibly large ____________.

A

Orange-red

Eosin

Granules

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13
Q

The acidophils comprise primarily the __________ and the ___________.

A

Somatotrophs

Lactotrophs

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14
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

Identify the organ in which this cell is found.

A

Top: Theca cells

Middle: Granulosa cells

Bottom: Oocyte (primary)

Ovary

*surrounding the follicle is the stroma*

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15
Q

What do pituicytes do?

A

Support axons of posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Where do the ovarian follicles tend to reside in the ovary?

A

Toward the cortex

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17
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

In what organ do these parts belong?

A

Top: Acinar cells

Bottom: Islets of Langerhans

The pancreas

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18
Q

The body of the ovary is called the ___________ and consists of ____________ cells, _______________ fibers, and ________________.

A

Stroma

Fibroblast-like cells

Fine collagen fibers

Ground substance

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19
Q

Describe the cells of the zona reticularis.

A

They are arranged in irregular networks of branching cores and cell clusters; they are smaller than those in the zona fasciculata and contain less cytoplasm and lipid droplets, and as such they tend to stain darker

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20
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Accumulations of neurosectetory granules along the length of the axon

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21
Q

In what gland would you find this tissue?

A

The thyroid gland

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22
Q

Endocrine glands are typically richly _________ so that their products can be effectively delivered into ________.

A
  1. Vascularized
  2. Circulation
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23
Q

What three cell types make up the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

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24
Q

The ____________ tubules are composed of ______________ cells, which are responsible for supporting and nourishing the developing _________________.

A

Seminiferous

Sertoli

Supporting, nourishing

Spermatozoa

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25
The ________ are packed with __________ tubules, which are highly convulted and composed of __________ cells.
Testes Seminiferous Sertoli
26
What are some "nonclassical" endocrine organs?
Brain (hypothalamus) Heart Liver Adipose tissue GI tract
27
What type of tissue is this, and in what endocrine gland can you find it?
Epithelium tissue Anterior pituitary
28
Where are parafollicular cells located? What do they secrete?
The thyroid gland They are found scattered (sometimes in small clumps) in areas between thyroid follicles Calcitinon (suppresses osteoclast activity in bone)
29
What do cells in the zona reticularis produce?
Small amounts of sex steroids, notably androgens
30
Identify the labeled parts. In what endocrine gland can you find these cells?
Herring body Pituicyte (nuclei) Posterior pituitary
31
What hormone is produced by the parathyroid?
PTH (parathyroid hormone) - increases calcium levels (stimulates osteoclast activity)
32
Where are T4 and T3 stored?
The thyroid follicle
33
What do the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete?
Mineralcorticoids, principall aldosterone
34
What three hormones are produced by the thyroid? What are their major functions?
T4 and T3 - metabolic rate control Calcitonin - decreases calcium levels (inhibits osteoclasts)
35
36
The somatotrophs produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
GH (growth hormone)
37
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
38
The posterior pituitary produces two hormones. What are they, and what do they do?
AVP/ADH (vasopression/anti-diuretic hormone) - stimulates retention of water in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in nephrons of kidneys Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions; promotes milk ejection from mammary glands
39
What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla?
The chromaffin cells
40
What are the three types of basophil cells?
Corticotrophs Thyrotrophs Gonadotrophs
41
Basophils stain _____________ with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bluish Hematoxylin
42
Chromophobes are named as such because...?
They do not take up stains or dyes
43
The ovaries and testes are in the ___________ abdomen and are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lower Bilateral
44
What does T3 stand for?
Tri-iodothyronine
45
Identify the labeled cells. In what endocrine gland are they found?
Top: Chief cells, which secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone), which maintains calcium balance in the body Botoom: Oxyphil cells are larger and less abudant (unknown function) The parathyroid gland
46
What do the cells of the zona fasciculata secrete?
Glucocorticoids, like cortisol
47
The anterior and posterior pituitary are located in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Brain
48
The parathyroid is located on the _________ of the thyroid.
Sides
49
Identify the gland and its two major components.
The pituitary gland Pars distalis or adenophysis is the anterior pituitary Pars nervosa or neurophysis is the posterior pituitary
50
What does T4 stand for?
Thyroxine
51
Corticotrophs produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Thyrotrophs produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Gonadotrophs produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Thyrotropins FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (leutinizing hormone)
52
What cell types make up the Islets of Langerhans? What does each cell type produce?
Alpha cells produce glucagon Beta cells produce insulin
53
Identify the two labeled parts. Identify the endocrine gland.
Top: Adrenal ortex Bottom: Adrenal medulla The adrenal gland
54
The _______ endocrine glands are those whose primary function is secretory in nature.
Classical
55
What is the functional unit of the ovary?
The ovarian follicle
56
The chromafin cells are so called becuase they have numerous ___________ that stain intensely with ________________ salts.
Granules Chromaffin
57
The adrenal glands are located _____________ to the kidneys.
Superior (above)
58
Identify the arrowed parts of the gland. Identify the gland.
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis The adrenal gland (cortex)
59
The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones. List all seven, and provide their general function.
LH (leutinizing hormone) - surges cause ovulation; forms corpus luteum FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - stimulates follicular growth in ovaries and estrogen synthesis from developing follicles PRL (prolactin) - stimulates mammary gland growth and milk secretion GH (growth hormone) - stimulates liver to secrete growth factors for bone and cartilage growth ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) - TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) - stimulates thyroid gland to produce T4, T3, and calcitonin MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) - promotes distribution of melanin granules
60
Describe the cells of the zona fasciculata.
The cells are in **narrow columns** with **abudant cytoplasm** and tend to **stain pale** due to the **large number of lipid droplets** within them
61
In the ________________ spaces between seminiferous tubules can be found the ___________ or interstitial cells that produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Interstitial Leydig Testosterone
62
The __________ terminals of the ___________ pituitary store and secrete the hormones ___________ (antidiuretic hormone/ ADH) and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Axon Posterior Vasopressin Oxytocin
63
The testis produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which promotes secondary male characteristics, and the ovary produces \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which promotes secondary female characteristics.
Testosterone Estrogen and progesterone
64
The pancreatic alpha cells produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which inhibit glucose uptake, and beta cells produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which promote glucose uptake.
Glucagon Insulin
65
What is located posterior to the thyroid gland?
The parathyroid gland
66
The pancreas is located __________ and ____________ to the stomach
Ventrally (abdomen) Posterior
67
Thyroid ____________ are spherical structures composed of a single layer of ___________ cells.
Follicles Cuboidal epithelial
68
The ________ is populated by numerous \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_‐filled follicles.
Thyroid Colloid
69
What are the three histological zones of the adrenal cortex?
Immediately beneath the adrenal capsule lies the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
70
The thyroid is located _____________ to the larynx in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Inferior (below) Neck
71
What do the granulosa cells produce?
Estrogen Progesterone

Endocrinology (8 decks)

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