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Endocrinology > Endocrine Gland Histology > Flashcards

Endocrine Gland Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the labels.

A

Top: Leydig cells

Bottom: Sertoli cells

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2
Q

What makes the pancreas different from other endocrine glands?

A

It has both endocrine (Islets of Langerhans) and exocrine (acinar cells) function

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3
Q

What endocrine gland produces T4 and T3?

A

The thyroid gland

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4
Q

The ___________________ is largely composed of nonmyleinated axons of neurosecretory neurons that extend from the _________________ and _______________ nuclei of the _____________________.

A

Posterior pituitary

Non-myelinated axons

Supraoptic

Paraventricular

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Approximately 25% of the posterior pituitary is composed of ___________________.

A

Pituicytes

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6
Q

The lactotrophs produce ______________.

A

PRL (prolactin)

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid?

A

The thyroid follicle

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8
Q

Describe the cells of the zona glomerulosa.

A

They are irregularly arranged in ovoid clusters that are separated by trabeculae

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9
Q

What are the cell types labeled in the figure? In what gland are they found?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Identify the two labeled parts to the left.

A

Far left: thyroid follicle cell

Left: Colloid of follicle cell

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11
Q

The adrenal medulla functions as a modified ______________ sympathetic _____________.

A

Modified

Ganglion

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12
Q

The acidophils stain ___________ with ___________ and have visibly large ____________.

A

Orange-red

Eosin

Granules

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13
Q

The acidophils comprise primarily the __________ and the ___________.

A

Somatotrophs

Lactotrophs

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14
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

Identify the organ in which this cell is found.

A

Top: Theca cells

Middle: Granulosa cells

Bottom: Oocyte (primary)

Ovary

*surrounding the follicle is the stroma*

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15
Q

What do pituicytes do?

A

Support axons of posterior pituitary

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16
Q

Where do the ovarian follicles tend to reside in the ovary?

A

Toward the cortex

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17
Q

Identify the labeled parts.

In what organ do these parts belong?

A

Top: Acinar cells

Bottom: Islets of Langerhans

The pancreas

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18
Q

The body of the ovary is called the ___________ and consists of ____________ cells, _______________ fibers, and ________________.

A

Stroma

Fibroblast-like cells

Fine collagen fibers

Ground substance

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19
Q

Describe the cells of the zona reticularis.

A

They are arranged in irregular networks of branching cores and cell clusters; they are smaller than those in the zona fasciculata and contain less cytoplasm and lipid droplets, and as such they tend to stain darker

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20
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

Accumulations of neurosectetory granules along the length of the axon

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21
Q

In what gland would you find this tissue?

A

The thyroid gland

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22
Q

Endocrine glands are typically richly _________ so that their products can be effectively delivered into ________.

A
  1. Vascularized
  2. Circulation
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23
Q

What three cell types make up the anterior pituitary?

A

Acidophils

Basophils

Chromophobes

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24
Q

The ____________ tubules are composed of ______________ cells, which are responsible for supporting and nourishing the developing _________________.

A

Seminiferous

Sertoli

Supporting, nourishing

Spermatozoa

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25
Q

The ________ are packed with __________ tubules, which are highly convulted and composed of __________ cells.

A

Testes

Seminiferous

Sertoli

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26
Q

What are some “nonclassical” endocrine organs?

A

Brain (hypothalamus)

Heart

Liver

Adipose tissue

GI tract

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27
Q

What type of tissue is this, and in what endocrine gland can you find it?

A

Epithelium tissue

Anterior pituitary

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28
Q

Where are parafollicular cells located? What do they secrete?

A

The thyroid gland

They are found scattered (sometimes in small clumps) in areas between thyroid follicles

Calcitinon (suppresses osteoclast activity in bone)

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29
Q

What do cells in the zona reticularis produce?

A

Small amounts of sex steroids, notably androgens

30
Q

Identify the labeled parts. In what endocrine gland can you find these cells?

A

Herring body

Pituicyte (nuclei)

Posterior pituitary

31
Q

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone) - increases calcium levels (stimulates osteoclast activity)

32
Q

Where are T4 and T3 stored?

A

The thyroid follicle

33
Q

What do the cells of the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Mineralcorticoids, principall aldosterone

34
Q

What three hormones are produced by the thyroid? What are their major functions?

A

T4 and T3 - metabolic rate control

Calcitonin - decreases calcium levels (inhibits osteoclasts)

35
Q
A
36
Q

The somatotrophs produce ______________.

A

GH (growth hormone)

37
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

38
Q

The posterior pituitary produces two hormones. What are they, and what do they do?

A

AVP/ADH (vasopression/anti-diuretic hormone) - stimulates retention of water in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in nephrons of kidneys

Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions; promotes milk ejection from mammary glands

39
Q

What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla?

A

The chromaffin cells

40
Q

What are the three types of basophil cells?

A

Corticotrophs

Thyrotrophs

Gonadotrophs

41
Q

Basophils stain _____________ with ___________.

A

Bluish

Hematoxylin

42
Q

Chromophobes are named as such because…?

A

They do not take up stains or dyes

43
Q

The ovaries and testes are in the ___________ abdomen and are _____________.

A

Lower

Bilateral

44
Q

What does T3 stand for?

A

Tri-iodothyronine

45
Q

Identify the labeled cells.

In what endocrine gland are they found?

A

Top: Chief cells, which secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone), which maintains calcium balance in the body

Botoom: Oxyphil cells are larger and less abudant (unknown function)

The parathyroid gland

46
Q

What do the cells of the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids, like cortisol

47
Q

The anterior and posterior pituitary are located in the ________________.

A

Brain

48
Q

The parathyroid is located on the _________ of the thyroid.

A

Sides

49
Q

Identify the gland and its two major components.

A

The pituitary gland

Pars distalis or adenophysis is the anterior pituitary

Pars nervosa or neurophysis is the posterior pituitary

50
Q

What does T4 stand for?

A

Thyroxine

51
Q

Corticotrophs produce _____________.

Thyrotrophs produce ____________.

Gonadotrophs produce _____________.

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Thyrotropins

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (leutinizing hormone)

52
Q

What cell types make up the Islets of Langerhans?

What does each cell type produce?

A

Alpha cells produce glucagon

Beta cells produce insulin

53
Q

Identify the two labeled parts.

Identify the endocrine gland.

A

Top: Adrenal ortex

Bottom: Adrenal medulla

The adrenal gland

54
Q

The _______ endocrine glands are those whose primary function is secretory in nature.

A

Classical

55
Q

What is the functional unit of the ovary?

A

The ovarian follicle

56
Q

The chromafin cells are so called becuase they have numerous ___________ that stain intensely with ________________ salts.

A

Granules

Chromaffin

57
Q

The adrenal glands are located _____________ to the kidneys.

A

Superior (above)

58
Q

Identify the arrowed parts of the gland.

Identify the gland.

A

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

The adrenal gland (cortex)

59
Q

The anterior pituitary produces seven hormones. List all seven, and provide their general function.

A

LH (leutinizing hormone) - surges cause ovulation; forms corpus luteum

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) - stimulates follicular growth in ovaries and estrogen synthesis from developing follicles

PRL (prolactin) - stimulates mammary gland growth and milk secretion

GH (growth hormone) - stimulates liver to secrete growth factors for bone and cartilage growth

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) -

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) - stimulates thyroid gland to produce T4, T3, and calcitonin

MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) - promotes distribution of melanin granules

60
Q

Describe the cells of the zona fasciculata.

A

The cells are in narrow columns with abudant cytoplasm and tend to stain pale due to the large number of lipid droplets within them

61
Q

In the ________________ spaces between seminiferous tubules can be found the ___________ or interstitial cells that produce ___________.

A

Interstitial

Leydig

Testosterone

62
Q

The __________ terminals of the ___________ pituitary store and secrete the hormones ___________ (antidiuretic hormone/ ADH) and ___________.

A

Axon

Posterior

Vasopressin

Oxytocin

63
Q

The testis produces __________________, which promotes secondary male characteristics, and the ovary produces ______________, which promotes secondary female characteristics.

A

Testosterone

Estrogen and progesterone

64
Q

The pancreatic alpha cells produce ____________, which inhibit glucose uptake, and beta cells produce __________________, which promote glucose uptake.

A

Glucagon

Insulin

65
Q

What is located posterior to the thyroid gland?

A

The parathyroid gland

66
Q

The pancreas is located __________ and ____________ to the stomach

A

Ventrally (abdomen)

Posterior

67
Q

Thyroid ____________ are spherical structures composed of a single layer of ___________ cells.

A

Follicles

Cuboidal epithelial

68
Q

The ________ is populated by numerous ________‐filled follicles.

A

Thyroid

Colloid

69
Q

What are the three histological zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Immediately beneath the adrenal capsule lies the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis

70
Q

The thyroid is located _____________ to the larynx in the ___________.

A

Inferior (below)

Neck

71
Q

What do the granulosa cells produce?

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

Endocrinology (8 decks)

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