Reproductive Medicine Flashcards
What are the general pubertal stages in females?
P1: prepubertal
P2: early development of breast buds + small amounts of pubic/axillary hair
P3: increase in size of palpable breast tissue
P4: breast tissue + areolae protrude above breast level
P5: mature adult breast + pubic hair
When does the first ovulation occur?
6-9 months after menarche
What are the first signs of puberty in males?
testicular enlargement
prepubertal testis
What is the Apgar score?
assesses the state of health of the newborn via a 10 point scale
Appearance
Pulse = 2 score: greater than 100 bpm
Grimace = 2 score: cries + pulls away
Activity = active movement + limb flexion
Respiration = 2 score: strong cry
How do combined hormonal contraception prevent pregnancy?
blocks FSH surge early in the cycle
prevents follicular maturation
inhibits LH surge mid cycle (no ovulation)
progesterone alters endometrium and cervical mucus
List some contraindications for hormonal birth control?
breastfeeding
smoker
HTN
IHD, CVA, thyroid eye disease
migraine w/ aura
current breast cancer
diabetes w/ complications
cirrhosis
liver dysfunction
BMI > 35
After birth, when does the cervix closes?
2 weeks after birth
When does ovulation return after birth?
6-8 weeks in non breastfeeding mothers
however breastfeeding = release of prolactin = suppression (but not elimination) of ovulation
Which pregnancy hormone has the primary function of relaxing the pelvis joints?
relaxin
What is the function of the syncithiotrophoblast?
secretion of progesterone
What is used to treat hyperemesis?
doxylamine-pyridoxine
