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PLS 440 Propagation > Reproductive Life Cycles of Plants > Flashcards

Reproductive Life Cycles of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

angiosperm

A
  • true flowering plants
  • ’ enclosed seed’
  • female vary tissue (carpels) that form the fruit surrounding angiosperm seeds
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2
Q

anther

A
  • pollen- bearing portion of the stamen

- from Greek anthros, meaning ‘flower’

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3
Q

antheridium

A
  • in ferns
  • the male structure on the prothallus that releasees the motile sperm (1n) that swims into the archegonium uniting with a single egg cell (1n) forming a zygote (2n)
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4
Q

antipodals

A
  • cells or nuclei at the end of the embryo sac opposite that of the egg apparatus (opposite from micropylar end)
  • function is not clear
  • disintegrate soon after fertilization of egg cell
  • from Greek anti- (meaning ‘opposite’) and -pous (meaning ‘foot’)
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5
Q

archegonium

A
  • in ferns
  • the female structure on a prothallus that contains a single egg cell (1n) that the male motile sperm (1n) will swim too and unite with forming a zygote (2n)
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6
Q

central cell

A
  • large cell making up the central portion of the embryo sac
  • signals the synergids to release the chemical attractant (the chemical that attracts and guides the male nuclei to the egg cell for fertilization)
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7
Q

dichogamy

A
  • genetic trait in which male and female flowers on the same plant bloom at different times
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8
Q

dioecious

A
  • unisexual
  • having the male and female elements in different individuals
  • from Greek ‘dis’ (twice) and ‘oikos’ (house)
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9
Q

double fertilization

A
  • in the embryo sac, the fusion of the egg and sperm to form the zygote and the simultaneous fusion of the second male gamete with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
  • leads to triploid endosperm (gymnosperms have haploid endosperm)
  • characteristic of angiosperms
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10
Q

embryo sac

A
  • the female gameteophyte of the angiosperms
  • generally a seven-celled structure
  • the 7 cells are:
    • 2 synergids
    • 1 egg cell
    • 3 antipodial cells (each w/ single 1n nucleus)
    • 1 endosperm mother cell (w/ 2 1n nuclei)
  • the inner part of the seed
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11
Q

fertilization

A
  • the fusion of male and female (1n) gametes that produces a reproductive (2n) zygote (embryo)
  • starts the sporophytic generation
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12
Q

funiculus

A
  • a small stalk of the ovule, containing vascular tissue.
  • the tissue through which the embryo sac within the ovule bounded by the integuments is attached to the ovary
  • from Latin, ‘funis’ (rope or small cord)
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13
Q

gametophytic generation

A
  • initiated by meiosis
  • male and female gametes are haploid (1n)
  • fusion of these gametes (fertilization) results in reproductive zygote (embryo) that restarts the sporophytic generation
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14
Q

gametophytic incompatibility

A
  • most common form of self-incompatibility
  • the interaction between male and female partners is determined by a single S-allele derived from the haploid genetics within the pollen grain
  • when the male and female share a onnom S-allele genotype, there is a protein-to-protein interaction that stops the pollen-tube growth
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15
Q

gymnosperm

A
  • ‘naked seed’
  • refers to absence of ovary tissue covering the seeds
  • so do not have seed coats from maternal tissue
  • produce separate male and female reproductive cones (strobili) on the same plant
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16
Q

heterosporous

A
  • produce a different spore for the male (microspore) and female (megaspore)
  • these are produced from their respective microsporophylls (males) and megasporophylls (females) within the same strobilus
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17
Q

heterostyly

A
  • plants that have two or three different flower morphologies where the style of the female and the filaments of the male are produced at different lengths
  • pollen from a flower on one morph cannot pollinate another flower from the same morph
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18
Q

homosporous

A
  • producing a single spore type

- as in ferns

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19
Q

integuments

A
  • external layer of ovule that later develops into the seed coat
  • two layers of cells that develop between the nucellus and embryo sac and become the seed coat
  • from Latin ‘integumentum’ (covering)
20
Q

megaspore mother cell

A
  • the meiospore of vascular plants, which gives rise to a female gametophyte
  • from Greek ‘megas’ (large + spore)
21
Q

megasporogenesis

A
  • ovule development
  • ovule begins development within the nucellus of female cones (gymnosperms) or flower (angiosperms)
  • nucellus us surrounded by 1 or 2 integuments that grow to eventually cover the nucellus (will be seed coat)
  • a megaspore mother cell is initiated in the nucellus that divides and begins meiosis
  • ## only 1 nucleus survives to divide and form archegonia (in gymnosperms) or the contents of embryo sac (in angiosperms).
22
Q

microsporogenesis

A
  • pollen development
  • male gametes are formed in the pollen grains (microspores) that are produced within the stamen of the flower. Pollen (microspore mother cells) located within the stamen divide meiotically to form tetrads (4 haploid microspores)
23
Q

microsporophylls

A
  • in non-seed producing vascular plants:
  • the structure where microspores (male spore gametes) are produced on a strobilus
  • a leaf bearing microsporangia
  • from Greek ‘mikros’ (little + spore) and ‘phyllon’ (leaf)
24
Q

monecious

A
  • referring to a plant that produces male and female gametes on the same individual
  • from Greek ‘monos’ (solitary) and ‘oikos’ (house)
  • in contrast to dioecious - each individual being one sex only
25
Q

nucellus

A
  • maternal tissue in which the megaspore mother cell (also called megasporocyte) undergoes meiosis and forms the embryo sac
  • from Latin ‘nucella’ (a small nut)
26
Q

ovary

A
  • enlarged basal protion of the pistil, which becomes the fruit
  • grows into fruit tissue
  • from Latin ‘ovum’ (egg)
27
Q

ovule

A
  • a rudimentary seed containing, before fertilization, the female gametophyte, with egg cells, all being surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments
  • develops n the nucellus and is enclosed by the integuments
  • becomes the mature seed
  • from Latin ‘ovum’ (egg)
28
Q

polar neclei

A
  • the two nuclei of the cenrtal cell in the embryo sac of flowering plants
29
Q

pollen generative cell

A
  • one of two types of cells in a mature pollen cell (generative cell and tube cell)
  • involved in fertilization
  • will eventually fuse with female egg cells
30
Q

pollen sac

A
  • a cavity in the anther of a flowering plant, or a globose swelling attached to a cone scale in a conifer that initially contains diploid cells, each of which divides by meiosis and ultimately develops into a pollen grain
31
Q

pollen tube

A
  • a tube of cytoplasm that grows from the pollen grain through the pistil to an egg
  • enters the micropyle releasing the generative nuclei into the embryo sac
  • it is the mature male gametophyte of flowering plants and contains only two sperm nuclei
32
Q

pollen tube cell

A
  • one of the two types of cells in a mature pollen cell (generative cell and tube cell)
  • functions during pollen tube growth
  • acts to guide the pollen tube
33
Q

progymnosperms

A
  • extinct group of seed plants - ‘seed ferns’
  • produced seedlike structures enclosed in female tissue called cupules
  • the progenitors of our current-day gymnosperms and angiosperms
  • FIRST PLANTS TO REPRODUCE BY SEED
34
Q

prothallus

A
  • in ferns,
  • a small leaf-like gametophyte
  • 1n
  • male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) are formed on this.
35
Q

self-incompatibility

A
  • genetic trait in which the pollen either fails to grow down the style or does not germinate on the stigma of a plant with the same incompatibility alleles
36
Q

spore

A
  • protective structure that is tolerant of environmental conditions
  • germinating when conditions are conducive for the gametophytic generation (usually wet conditions)
37
Q

sporophytic incompatibility

A
  • it is the diploid S-allele pair from the male and female parents that determines compatibility.
38
Q

sporopohytic generation

A
  • plant-like in appearance
  • diploid
  • produces specialized reproductive structures that facilitate gamete production through meiosis
39
Q

stigma

A
  • a receptive portion of the style to which pollen adheres

- from Latin ‘stigma’ (a prick, a spot, a mark)

40
Q

style

A
  • slender column of tissue that arises from the top of the ovary and through which the pollen tube grows
  • from Greek ‘stylos’ (a column)
41
Q

synergids

A
  • the two cells at the micropylar end of the embryo sac, which, with the third (the egg), constitute the egg apparatus
  • function to attract and guide male nuclei to the egg cell for fertilization
  • produce a chemical that attracts the pollen tube to the micropyle, arrests its growth, and ensures the proper release of the sperm cells into the ovule
  • degenerates soon after sperm cell release, permitting sperm cell access to the egg cell for fertilization
  • from Greek ‘synergos’ (toiling together)
42
Q

tapetum

A
  • nutritive cell layer that surrounds the 4 haploid microspores (pollen)
  • from Greek ‘tapes’ (a carpet)
43
Q

vascular plant

A
  • separated into those that produce spores (lycopods, horsetails, ferns) and those that produce seeds (cycads, ginkgo, conifers, angiosperms)
44
Q

zygote

A
  • single cell that is the result of union of male and female gametes
  • from this cell, additional cells multiply and develop the body of the plant
  • the result of sexual reproduction, which forms the embryo
  • the start of the sporophytic generation
45
Q

meiosis

A
  • reproductive division used during the sexual reproductive cycle to produce gametes
  • makes sex cells
  • results in 4 genetically different haploid cells
  • requires 2 division cycles
46
Q

mitosis

A
  • cell division in vegetative tissue used for growth
  • divided into 4 phases:
    1. Prophase
    2. Metaphase
    3. Anaphase
    4. Telophase
  • result is the production of two new cells identical in genotype to the original cell
47
Q

megasporophylls

A
  • in non-seed producing vascular plants:
    • the structure where megaspores (female spore gametes) are produced on a strobilus.
  • in cycads:
    • the female modified leaf where sproangia are produced

PLS 440 Propagation (19 decks)

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