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PLS 440 Propagation > Geophytes & Other Specialized Structures > Flashcards

Geophytes & Other Specialized Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Back Bulbs

A
  • the pseudobulbs that do not have foliage
  • an old pseudobulb from which the leaves have dehisced
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2
Q

Basal Cuttage

A
  • the practive of cutting into the base of a bulb to stimulate adventitious bulblet formation on the base of scales
  • two types: scooping and scoring
  • used for bulbs that have slow natural increase (hyacinth)
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3
Q

Basal Plate

A
  • the short thickened stem of a bulb
  • modified stem
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4
Q

Bulb

A
  • a specialized underground organ
  • consists of:
    • modified stem: basal plate (a shot, fleshy, stem axis)
    • a growing point or flower primordium at the apex of the basal plate
    • enclosed by thick fleshy scales (the leaf base that contains stored food)
  • types:
  1. Tunicate/Laminate (papery covering)
    1. Type 1 (leaf scales. Tulip)
    2. Types 2 (swollen leaf bases. Amaryllis)
    3. Type 3 (both leaf scales and swollen leaf bases. Daffodil & Iris)
  2. nontunicate (no papery covering. ex: Lily)
  • can be propagated by:
    • natural offsets - most common
    • seed propagation
    • aerial bulbils
    • stem cuttings (some lilies)
    • scaling in non-tunicate bulbs
    • leaf cuttings (grape hyacinth, blood lily)
    • basal plate cottage - scooping, scoring
    • bulb cuttings - chipping, twin-scaling
    • micropropagation
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5
Q

Bulb Chipping

A
  • also called bulb cutting, fractional scale-stem cottage
  • a method of propagation in which a bulb is cut into gragments of 3 or 4 bulb scales attached at the basal plate
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6
Q

Bulblets

A
  • a miniature bulb
  • forms in the axil of a bulb scale
  • provides a method of vegetative propagation
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7
Q

Bulbil

A
  • a type of bulblet
  • produced in the aerial portion of the plant
  • enclosed within a dry, membranous scale
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8
Q

Contractile Roots

A
  • the thickened, fleshy roots
  • that pull the bulb to a deeper layer in the soil
  • by shrinking and expanding
  • don’t function very well for nutrient uptake (thats what fiberous roots do)
  • not all bulbs produce contractile roots
    • lilies have them
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9
Q

Corm

A
  • a unique geophyte structure
  • in which the base of the stem axis is:
    • swollen,
    • has nodes and internodes,
    • and is enclosed in a dry membranous tunic
  • is a solid piece of stem
  • apex of corm is terminal shoot that will develop into leaves and the flowering shoot
  • polar
  • mostly storage tissue composed of parenchyma cells
  • generally have fibruous roots (for nutrient and water uptake) and contractile roots (to get corms to proper depth)
  • new corms often form ontop of old corms (which disintergrate) with new cormels forming at base
    • sometimes new corms just stack up on old corms, which persist
    • sometimes new corms are produced on stolons (produced laterally form the base)
  • can be propagated by:
    • natural cormel offets - most common
    • seed propagation
    • division of large corms
    • micropropagation
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10
Q

Cormels

A
  • a miniature corm produced on a short stolon from the base of the corm
  • they develop between the old and new corms
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11
Q

Droppers

A
  • a special kind of bulblike structure
  • occuring in tulips
  • which grows to a deeper level to produce a new bulb
  • a stolon that forms a bulb at its tip
  • another mechanism to move the bulb down to its proper depth
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12
Q

Eyes

A
  • the clusters of buds at the nodes of the potato tuber
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13
Q

Geophytes

A
  • types of plants that survive part of their annual life cycle as a dormant, fleshy, underground structure
  • 2 principle climatic cycles for which geophytes are adapted:
  1. the warm-cold cycle of temperate zones
  2. the wet-dry cycle of tropical and subtropical zones
  • functions:
  1. aids in survival in adverse conditions as storage of food, nutrients, and water
  2. allow clonal regeneration of species (so often reproduce both sexually and asexually)
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14
Q

Leptomorph

A
  • types of rhizome growth
  • that exhibits indeterminate growth
  • slender with long internodes
    • not as fleshy (more stolon like)
  • lateral buds at each node may remain dormant or produce new shoots
  • can continue to develop new plants at each node
  • will spread far and wide - does not form clumps
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15
Q

Mesomorph

A
  • the rhizome growth type
  • intermediate between the two forms: leptomorphs and pachymorphs
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16
Q

Mother Bulb

A
  • the flower-producing bulb
  • made up of the basal plate, fleshy scales, and the flowering axis
  • prior to flowering, a new daughter bulb(s) is developing within the mother bulb
  • a cluster of bulbs still attached at the basal plate
17
Q

Nontunicate Bulb

A
  • also called scaly bulbs
  • type of bulb
  • does NOT have the papery covering
  • has seperate ‘scales’ attached at the basal plate
  • are easily damaged and prone to drying
  • Lily
18
Q

Offsets

A
  • a latent shoot
  • develops from the base of the main stem in certain plants
    • such as an offset bulblet that is produced from a larger mother bulb
  • bulbs naturally multiply by producing offset bulbs
  • daughter bulbs still attached to the main bulb
19
Q

Pachymorph

A
  • a type of rhizome growth
  • that exhibits determinate type of growth
  • are larger
  • little more storage
  • slow growing
  • each season’s growth terminates with a flowering bud
  • can see last season’s terminal shoot - scar
  • vegetative growth continues at the lateral bud
  • forms clumps
20
Q

Pseudobulbs

A
  • an enlarged, special storage structure produced by many orchid species
  • consisting of an enlarged, fleshy section of the stem made up of several nodes
  • assist plants to survive during dry periods
  • can be either:
    • back bulb - it is leafless
    • green bulb - has leaves
    • they only differ by age
  • can be propagated by:
    • seed division
    • division - common
    • back or green bulb cuttings
    • micropropagation
21
Q

Rhizome

A
  • a horizontally growing stem of specific plant species at, or near, the surface of the ground
  • modified shoot tissue
    • growing at or near the surface
    • fuctions as sotrage tissues (where as stolons done)
  • mostly in monocots
  • is two types:
    • pachymorphs
    • leptomorphs
  • can be propagated by:
    • seed propagation
    • division of rhizome sections - common
    • micropropagation - few
22
Q

Scales

A
  • also called bulb scales or leaf scales
  • the expanded fleshy leaf base of a bulb that contains stored food
  • modified leaf
  • for nutrient, water sotrage
23
Q

Scaling

A
  • .a propagation procedure in which individual scales are removed from the mother bulb and placed under appropriate conditions to cause the formation of adventitious bulblets
  • usually 3 to 5 bulblets will develop from each scale
  • on lily species
  • is done soon after flowering in midsummer, although it might be done in late fall or even midwinter
24
Q

Scooping

A
  • a type of basal cuttage
  • carried out by cutting away the basal plant with a special scoop-like device
  • need to destroy the apical meristem
  • adventitious bulblets develop from the base of the exposed bulb scales
25
Q

Scoring

A
  • a type of basal cuttage
  • carried out by cutting at right angles across the base of the bulb
  • cuts need to be deep enough to destroy the apical meristem
  • growing points in the axils of the bulb scales grow into bulblets
26
Q

Tuber

A
  • a swollen modified stem with:
    • nodes and internodes
  • functions as:
    • storage structure
    • an organ of vegetative propagation
  • underground
  • can be propagated by:
    • division of the tuber - needs to include bud
    • seed propagation
    • aerial tubercles
    • stem cuttings
    • micropropagation
27
Q

Tubercle

A
  • the small aerial tubers produced in leaf axils of certain plant species
  • usually produced in short days
    • appear on plants in late summer
  • are easily removed from the plant
  • can be dried and stored overwinter for spring planting
28
Q

Tuberous Root

A
  • an enlarged fleshy root (modified root)
  • as a storage organ
  • are polar (shoots at one end and roots at the other)
  • example: sweet potato, carrots
  • tuberous roots are modified root tissue, while tubers are modified stem
  • can be propagated by:
    • seed propagation - common
    • division of crown w/ tuberous roots attached - common
    • stem cuttings - common for sweet potato
    • micropropagation
29
Q

Tuberous Stem

A
  • the swollen stem structure
  • produced by enlargement of the hypocotyl
  • ex: cyclamen, tuberous begonia
  • have a vertical orientation
  • one or more vegetative buds produced on the upper end of the crown (at the surface)
  • can be perennial
  • can be propagated by:
    • seed propagation - common
    • division
30
Q

Tunicate Bulb

A
  • also called Laminate
  • type of bulb
  • outer layer of bulb scale are dry and papery
    • provides protection from drying & mechanical injury (doesnt bruise as easy)
  • inner fleshy scales are continious, concentric
    • gives bulb solid feel
  • 3 types:
  1. Type 1
  • leaf scales
  • scales arise from the basal plate
  • foilage leaves arise from flowering stem
  • Tulip
  1. Type 2
  • leaves with swollen bases
  • arise from basal plate and inflorescence
  • Amaryllis
  1. Type 3
  • both leaf scales and swollen leaf bases
  • Daffodil & Iris
31
Q

Twin Scaling

A
  • a variation of bulb cutting
  • using a segment of two scales with a portion of the basal plate
  • important in propagation of Narcissus
32
Q

Vernalization

A
  • the biological process in which flower primordia are induced by exposure to a period of chilling

PLS 440 Propagation (19 decks)

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