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CC2Lec VI > Reproductive Hormones + Testosterone > Flashcards

Reproductive Hormones + Testosterone Flashcards

1
Q

Two sex steroids

A

Androgen and Estrogen

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2
Q

Precursor hormone of estrogen

A

Weak Androgen

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3
Q

Both androgen and estrogen comes from?

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

Ovary for women converts:

A

Testosterone to Estradiol

Androstenedione to Estrone

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5
Q

Peripheral tissues!

A

Reduces testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
Hydroxylate estradiol to estriol
Converts adrenal androgens to androgens

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6
Q

Physiology of Testicles

A

Spermatogonia - Haploid cells - Mature Sperm

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7
Q

Where sperm develops and matures

A

Sertoli Cells

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8
Q

For the maturation of a mature sperm, it has to undergo

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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9
Q

3 Major Transport Proteins

A

Albumin, Sex Hormone Binding Globulin, Corticosteroid Binding Globulin

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10
Q

Transport of Androgens and Estrogen

A

SHBG

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11
Q

Delivery of progesterone and Glucocorticoid

A

CBG

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12
Q

Percentage of hormones bind to Albumin

A

98 to 99

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13
Q

Percent of free steroids

A

1-2

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14
Q

What do you call active sex steroids

A

Free steroids

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15
Q

Steps in Hormonal Control of Testicular Function

A
  1. Pulsatile generation of GnRH
  2. Release of GnRH into the portal hypophyseal system
  3. Production of LH and FSH from the adenohypophysis
  4. Testicular Steroidogenesis
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16
Q

Pulsatile generation is

A

Regular production or periodic increase or decrease in a specific time when they released

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17
Q

GnRH will be delivered to

A

Adenohypophysis

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18
Q

Impaired generation of pulse leads to

A

Hypogonadism

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19
Q

What is Testicular Steroidogenesis

A

LH and FSH stimulates gonads to release certain hormones

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20
Q

It is also made from cholesterol, produced in the body by the adrenal gland

A

Pregnenolone

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21
Q

Starting material for the production of male hormones

A

Pregnenolone

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22
Q

Steps of Testicular Steroidogenesis

A
  1. Trapping pf Cholesterol by endocytosis
  2. LH receptor binding
  3. Production of intracellular cAMP
  4. Activation of protein kinase
  5. Protein phosphorylation
  6. Testosterone synthesis
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23
Q

Two sources of cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins and Leydig Cells

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24
Q

Leydig cells are regulated by the

A

LH

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25
Q

Major androgen hormone in the blood

A

Testosterone

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26
Q

Regulators of Testosterone

A
  1. FSH stimulate protein synthesis

2. LH for Leydig Cells

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27
Q

LH and FSH has the same…

A

Alpha subunit with TSH and hCG

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28
Q

LH and FAH shares a

A

Synergistic function

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29
Q

What is the function of testosterone

A

Growth and development of the reproductive system, prostate, and genitalia

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30
Q

Testosterone together with …. Provides a feedback control mechanism

A

Inhibin

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31
Q

Highest Level of Testosterone

A

6 AM

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32
Q

Lowest Level of Testosterone

A

12 AM

33
Q

Individual is in deep sleep

A

Lowest level of Testosterone

34
Q

What is the average decline of testosterone

A

110 ng/dL every decade

35
Q

Tests for male infertility

A

Semen analysis, testosterone, FSH, and LH

36
Q

Testosterone transport proteins

A

SHBG 50%

Albumin 45%

37
Q

In prenatal development: Exposure of testosterone to the

A

Wolffian duct leads to male genital tract

38
Q

In prenatal development for females, the production of this hormone aids in the regression of the female primordial genital tract

A

Anti Mullerian Hormone

39
Q

Sertoli cells of Females will only produce AMH if it is

A

Acted by the FSH

40
Q

Low level of AMH

A

No regression of the female primordial genital tract thus leads to development of both sexes

41
Q

Postnatal development for testosterone

A

Development of sexual characteristics

42
Q

It stimulates the production of testosterone

A

LH

43
Q

Two hormones that induces spermatogenesis

A

Fsh and testosterone

44
Q

Overuse of exogenous testosterone will lead to

A

Low sperm production

45
Q

Considered as Secondary Hypogonadism

A

Pre Testicular Infertility

46
Q

Decreased FSH and LH - Decreased Testosterone

A

Pre Testicular Infertility

47
Q

Problem in the testicles - Low FSH AND LH

A

Testicular Infertility

48
Q

Testicular Infertility or

A

Primary hypogonadism

49
Q

One or two testes fail to descent from the abdomen into the scrotum

A

Cyptorchidism

50
Q

Problem in the transport and function of sperm cells

A

Klinefelters Syndrome

51
Q

Congenital Testicular Infertility that has normal testosterone, lh and fsh

A

Klinefelters Syndrome

52
Q

Enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

A

5 alpha reductase

53
Q

No problem in the testicle, problem is in the transport or function of the sperm cells

A

Post Testicular Infertility

54
Q

Decreased testosterone, increased fsh and lh

A

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

55
Q

Low levels of testosterone and FSH LH

A

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

56
Q

Conditions under hyper-hypo

A

Klinefelters, testicular feminization syndrome, 5 alpha reductase deficiency, myotonic dystrophy, testicular injury and infection, sertoli cell only syndrome

57
Q

Caused by presence of extra chromosome

A

Klinefelters Syndrome

58
Q

Hormone important to produce protein Inhibin

A

FSH

59
Q

Once LH and FSH elevates, greater activity of the enzyme? It is also used to convert testosterone to estradiol

A

Aromatase

60
Q

Klinefleters Syndrome characterized by:

A
  1. Small and firm testes
  2. Gynecomastia
  3. Azoospermia
  4. Reduced bone density
61
Q

Also known as Testicular Feminization Syndrome

A

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

62
Q

Cause of Testicular Feminization Syndrome

A

Mutations of the androgen receptor and impaired androgen actions in the tissue

63
Q

Lab Tests for Testicular Feminization Syndrome

A

Increase testosterone, Increase Gonadotropins

64
Q

5 alpha reductase deficiency

A

Mutation encoding the type 2 isoenzyme

65
Q

Important for the development of prostate and external genitalia of men

A

DHT

66
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

A

Primary gonadism, frontal balding, diabetes, muscle weakness, atrophy, dystonia

67
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

A

Primary hypogonoadism: increased Fsh

Later stage: decreased testosterone increased Lh

68
Q

Mumps occurring after puberty can lead to

A

Mumps orchitis and permanent testicular injury

69
Q

Lack of germ cells, high fsh but normal testosterone

A

Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome

70
Q

Conditions of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Kallmans Syndrome, Hyperprolactinemia, Type 2 diabetes, pituitary disease

71
Q

Inherited X Linked Recessive Trait that manifests hypogonadism during puberty

A

Kallmans Syndrome

72
Q

Associated effects of Kallmans Syndrome

A

Anosmia (inability to smell) and midline defects that include cleft palate and cleft lip

73
Q

What is it in prolactinemia?

A

Increased prolactin, can result to hypogonadism

74
Q

Type 2 Diabetes what is it

A

Lh decreased, testosterone decrease because of insulin resistance and high crp level

75
Q

Other causes of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A

Age and pituitary disease

76
Q

What is in primary hypogonadism

A

Elevated levels of FSH and LH but low testosterone

77
Q

What is secondary hypogonadism

A

Normal or Low levels of gonadotropins and hormones

78
Q

Tertiary Hypogonadism?

A

Problem in the hypothalamus, normal or low levels of gonadotropins and low testosterone

79
Q

Hypogonadism is collected between

A

8 10 am

CC2Lec VI (4 decks)

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