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Small Animal Theriogenology > Reproductive Emergencies > Flashcards

Reproductive Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 H’s that can kill a neonate?

A

Hypothermia, hypoglycemia, & hypovolemia

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2
Q

How much does a normal puppy weigh at birth?

A

200-600g depending on breed

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3
Q

What is an adequate temperature to maintain a neonate?

A

98 F

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4
Q

What are the 3 most important reflexes in neonates?

A

Suckling, righting, & rooting

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5
Q

Why is a lack of hair on the extremities a sign of prematurity in neonates?

A

Because the last thing to develop in utero are extremities and hair on the extremities

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6
Q

What medication should be started within 24 hours in the post-partum bitch with agalactia?

A

Metoclopramide SQ or PO; milk will come in after 3-5 doses

Stimulates milk let down

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7
Q

The dam is neglecting her puppies after they are born, what are 3 things that you could try?

A
  1. Sepia - 7-10 pills per hour to effect (may not help but it won’t hurt; sometimes it does work)
  2. Intranasal oxytocin
  3. Adaptil spray/infuser (NOT THE COLLAR); again, might help but won’t hurt
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8
Q

When is hypocalcemia most likely to occur?

A

During lactation 2 weeks postpartum

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9
Q

What is the very first sign you will see with hypocalcemia in the bitch?

A

Change in behavior

Then see muscle fasciculations/tremors, hyperthermia, seizures, death.

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10
Q

If you suspect hypocalcemia, why is it important to run an ionized Calcium instead of Total calcium?

A

Because total calcium measures what is bound to albumin too, so if albumin is low, then total calcium will also be low;

Ionized calcium not bound to albumin.

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11
Q

What is the treatment for hypocalcemia in the bitch?

A

If muscle fasciculations present, give IV calcium gluconate to effect (monitor with ECG because may induce cardiac arrhythmias)

Can use oral TUMS (calcium carbonate) once muscle fasciculations have subsided

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12
Q

How many teat cisterns do dogs have?

A

4-5

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13
Q

When is mastitis most likely to occur in the bitch?

A

Anytime during lactation, but most common in first 2-3 weeks

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14
Q

What are the most common organisms involved in mastitis in the bitch?

A

Coliforms, Streps, & Staph

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15
Q

What clinical signs/exam findings would you expect to see in a case of mastitis in the bitch?

A

Enlarged, hot, painful gland (usually single teat affected), fever, leukocytosis, & maybe abnormal milk color (purulent, thick, yellow, sticky)

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16
Q

If a dam has a mastitic teat, should you prevent the puppies from nursing from that teat? Why or why not?

A

No, let them nurse because they do a better job of stripping the teat

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17
Q

T/F: In mastitis cases, you should culture the milk & start broad spectrum antibiotics until the culture results come back.

A

T

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18
Q

What are your treatment recommendations for a dog with mastitis?

A
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics until culture results are back
  • Pain & inflammation control (NSAIDs vs. opioids like Buprenorphine)
  • Cabbage leaves to use as compress on the glands (has great anti-inflammatory properties & some antibacterial too)
  • Strip teats (manually if puppies aren’t nursing on affected teat)
19
Q

When is metritis most likely to occur in the bitch?

A

Between 1-3 weeks postpartum

20
Q

Metritis only occurs postpartum & is faciliated by conditions that promote bacterial growth. Name a few of these conditions (3 answers).

A
  1. Retained placenta/fetal tissue
  2. Unsanitary conditions
  3. Delayed involution
21
Q

What clinical signs are associated with metritis?

A

Fever, abnormal vulvar discharge, anorexia, depression, neglect of puppies

22
Q

What diagnostic tests would you like to perform in a suspected metritis case?

A

Vaginal cytology, CBC, culture/sensitivity

23
Q

What are your treatment recommendations for metritis?

A

Supportive therapy, fluids, antibiotics, & PGF2a to evacuate the uterus (very important part of therapy!)

24
Q

What is the term for an infection of the endometrium & myometrium?

A

Metritis

25
Q

What breeds are predisposed to vaginal hyperplasia/prolapse? (Generally speaking)

A

Brachycephalic breeds

26
Q

When is vaginal hyperplasia/prolapse most likely to occur?

A

During peak estrus (late proestrus) due to the dramatic effect estrogen has on inflammation of vaginal wall

27
Q

What are the 3 types of vaginal prolapse?

A

Type 1 - Just the dorsal portion of vagina has prolapsed
Type 2 - dorsal and lateral portions
Type 3 - 360 degrees prolapsed

28
Q

Why is it important to identify the urethral opening when the dog has a vaginal prolpase?

A

Because she may not be able to urinate on her own & you may need to catheterize her

29
Q

Why is medical management not appropriate for vaginal hyperplasia/prolpase?

A

Because estrogen is the problem, which comes from growing follicles on ovaries (need to spay her to remove the estrogen source)

66-100% will reoccur post-tx if estrogen source not removed!

30
Q

T/F: Vaginal prolpase/hyperplasia is a heritable trait & even with treatment, regression can occur as early as 1 week.

A

T

31
Q

T/F: Uterine prolapse is rare, but is more likely to occur in the dog vs. the cat.

A

F, more likely to occur in cats (generally when in labor w/ more than 1 kitten)

32
Q

What is the treatment for a uterine prolapse in cats because it is likely to recur?

A

Spay them

33
Q

T/F: Paraphymosis means the penis cannot come out of the sheath.

A

F, that is PHYMOSIS. Paraphymosis is when the penis cannot go back in.

34
Q

What history is usually associated with canine paraphymosis? 3 answers.

A

History of breeding or masturbation behavior OR older male with neurologic deficits

35
Q

What are the 3 keys to therapy for canine paraphymosis?

A
  1. Sedation
  2. Reduce edema
  3. Replacement
36
Q

When attempting to reduce edema in a case of paraphymosis in a male, you want to use a hypo/iso/hyper (choose one) osmotic solution.

A

Hyperosmotic solution

37
Q

What can be mixed with lubrication in cases of paraphymosis to help replace the penis?

A

Mix with lidocaine or carbocaine (this one burns a little so only use under sedation)

38
Q

What are your recommendations at home for the owner after you have replaced paraphymosis?

A

Trazodone & Gabapentin to keep him quiet; also recommend keeping him away from other females to avoid sexual arousal

39
Q

What type of “stay suture” (if you will) is best for replacing paraphymosis?

A

Purse string or tie over (best)

40
Q

What are your top differentials for bleeding from the prepuce (or so it seems)?

A

Tumors, prostate issues, or external skin laceration

Always determine where it is coming from…prepuce, penis, or urethra?

41
Q

T/F: When examining a patient that presented for bleeding from its prepuce, you should disturb the blood clot that has formed so you can get better visualization.

A

F; do NOT disturb blood clots!

42
Q

A dog presents to you for abnormal vaginal bleeding & you want to perform a vaginal cytology & digital exam. Which one should you perform 1st and why?

A

Do cytology first because otherwise you will have lubricant all over the slide

43
Q

If an older, spayed female presents to you for abnormal vaginal bleeding, what is your top differential?

A

Neoplasia (likely transitional cell carcinoma)

Small Animal Theriogenology (9 decks)

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