Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit 3 > Reproductive disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is dyspareunia?

A

Painful sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a cystocele?

A

Muscles between bladder and vagina weaken and bladder imposes into vaginal space. Treatment varies depending on severity. Sometimes strengthening exercises resolve it. Sometimes surgery to repair is needed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Fluid collection in scrotum. Improper lymph drainage. Common in infants. Painless and usually resolves without treatment. Use a flashlight to shine through and determine if fluid or a mass. (transillumination).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Enlargement of veins of testicles. Said to feel like worms on palpation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is rectocele?

A

Prolapse of rectum into back wall of vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is phimosis?

A

Tight foreskin that can’t be pulled back. Looks like a rubber band of skin around the tip of penis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Role of progesterone.

A

Made by ovaries. Levels rise during secretory phase of menstrual cycle. This is the phase that preps uterus for implantation. Uterus blood supply increases and endometrium thickens. Happens just before menses. (if no implantation occurs). The levels low when estrogen levels high and vice versa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the androgens?

A

Mostly thought of as testosterone but there are some other lesser known androgens secreted by the adrenal cortex. (DHEA). Made in women as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Testes in men
Ovaries in women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a spermatocele?

A

Cyst that develops in the epididymis. (the comma shaped structure found on top of the testis. Tightly coiled transport system of sperm on its way from the testis to the vas deferens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does galactorrhea mean?

A

Abnormal discharge from nipple. Endocrine or neurological etiology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is role of testosterone?

A

Major hormone of testes. Responsible for spermatogenesis and development of secondary sex characteristics. Women make it in small amounts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 5 P’s of taking a sexual history?

A

Partners-what type? How many?
Practices-what kind of sex?
Protection
Past hx of STIs
Pregnancy prevention-Trying? If not, how are you preventing?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Info about gynecomastia.

A

Onset at puberty, temporary, and usually resolves by age 20. Caused by a hormonal change that will balance self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is orchitis?

A

Inflammation or infection of testicle. Edema, pain, tenderness, shininess. Many causes. Usually post viral or bacterial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Symptoms of testicular torsion.

A

Pain, swelling, Nausea and vomiting. Sudden onset (sometimes around an injury) Emergency surgery required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

Inflammation of prostate.Commonly from an e.coli infection. Broad term. Will perform a urinalysis, CBC, blood culture and treat with antibiotic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prostate cancer info.

A

Slow growing. Similar symptoms to BPH. PSA elevated. Spreads to pelvis and lumbar spine. Screenings recommended for everyone starting at age 50.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is brachytherapy?

A

Placement of internal radiation at cancer site.

20
Q

What is BPH?

A

Benign prosate hyperplasia. Enlarged prostate. Extremely common. Signs are difficulty starting urine stream, dribbling, weak stream, frequent urge to urinate.

21
Q

Main medications to treat BPH.

A

tamulosin (Flomax)
finasteride (Procar)
tolterodine (Detrol)
tadalafil (Cialis)
All of these have a hypotensive effect.

22
Q

What is transurethral microwave therapy? (TUMT)

A

Transurethral probe delivers microwaves to warm and destroy tissue of prostate. Send with catheter, painful, and bladder spasms common.

23
Q

What is transurethral needle ablation? (TUNA)

A

Transurethral probe delivers heat to cause localized tissue necrosis. Limited pain and quick recovery compared to TUMT.

24
Q

What is transurethral resection of prostate? (TURP)

A

More invasive. Common. Removal of part of prostate. Irrigation constant to wash out “chips”. Can develop TURP syndrome post op. (hyponatremia that results in N/V, confusion, bradycardia, HTN)

25
Q

What is transurethral incision of prostate? (TUIP)

A

Less invasive and aggressive. Usually used on younger men with less hyperplasia of prostate. Incision is make in bladder neck to accomodate urine flow.

26
Q

What is cryptorchidism?
–Crip-TOR-ka-dism

A

Birth defect. Undescended testicle. Most common in premature infants. Unable to feel the testicle within the scrotum. Usually self corrects but if it doesn’t will need surgery to correct. Leads to higher rates of testicular cancer and infertility.

27
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

Decreased function of the gonads (can exist in Men and women) Treated with hormone replacement

28
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Emergency. Foreskin is unable to move back over penis.

29
Q

What are two subtypes of dysmenorrhea?

A

Type 1: Primary (Hormonal)
Type 2: Secondary (pelvic disease is underlying cause)

30
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue (that normally lines the uterus and sheds every month) begins to grow on organs/tissues it shouldn’t. It reacts to hormonal changes in body and breaks down every month. Bleeding within abdominal cavity with no escape leads to pain. Leads to infertility.

31
Q

Cervical cancer info.

A

Usually caused by HPV. Clinical manifestations are unusually vaginal bleeding and pain.

32
Q

What are risk factors with endometrial cancer?

A

Estrogen therapy
Diabetes
Obesity
IUD placement

33
Q

What is difference between these types of hysterectomies?
Partial
Total
Radical

A

Partial-Uterus only
Total-Uterus and cervix
Radical-Fallopian tubes, ovaries, lymph tissue, uterus, cervix, part of vagina.

34
Q

Ovarian cancer info.

A

Associated with BRCA gene
Often post menopausal
Bloating, pelvic pain, full feeling, vaginal bleeding

35
Q

What is removal of fallopian tube called? Ovaries?

A

salpingectomy
oophorectomy

36
Q

What is pelvic exenteration?

A

Radical surgery to remove cancer that is contained to pelvis.
Removal of uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, bladder, urethra, pelvic lymph nodes.
Will have colostomy and ileal conduit (a stoma to abdomen for urine output)

37
Q

What are fibrocystic breast changes?

A

Benign, tends to happen pre menopause, movable, round cysts in breasts

38
Q

What age should yearly mammograms be recommended?

A

45 years old

39
Q

What are leiomyomas?
—Lee-oh-my-omas–

A

Benign uterine tumors

40
Q

What is HER-2?
Estrogen receptor postive?
Progesterone receptor positive?

A

A protein that is either present (positive) or absent (negative) in breast cancer tissue. HER-2 positive means that the cancer is more aggressive and alters the course of treatment.
Estrogen and progesterone receptor positive is similar to HER-2 positive. If you’re positive for these proteins it means the more aggressive the cancer.

41
Q

What are the different ways breast cancer is classified?

A

Noninvasive (in situ)
Invasive (spreading)
—and–
Tissue type:
Ductal-(milk ducts)
Lobular-(milk producing glands)

42
Q

What is inflammatory breast cancer?

A

1-3% of all breast cancers
Aggressive
Mistaken for mastitis
Skin involvement: redness, warmth, thickened appearance that looks like orange peel

43
Q

What is Paget disease of breast?

A

Type of breast cancer. Not related to bone Paget disease. Rare (1%). Involves the areola and nipple. Itching, bloody, burning nipple.

44
Q

What is tamoxifen?

A

An estrogen receptor blocker used to treat breast cancers that are estrogen receptor positive. Has been the drug of choice for 30 years.

45
Q

What will a breast cancer feel like on palpation?

A

Hard, irregular edges, non movable, non tender.

Unit 3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions