Reproductive and Sexual Health

Question 1

What happens to Wollfian and Mullerian ducts in females?

Answer 1

Wollfian degenerates

Mullerian - reproductive tract

Question 2

What happened to wollfian and mullerian ducts in males?

Answer 2

Mullerian degenerates

Wollfian - male genital tract

Question 3

What hormones are involved in the development of male genital tract in males and are absent in females?

Answer 3

Testosterone

Mullerian inhibiting factor

Question 4

What hormone stimulates male external genital formation?

Answer 4

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 5

What is testosterone converted to?

Answer 5

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 6

What is the name for undescended testes?

Answer 6

Cryptorchidism

Question 7

Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 7

Leydig cells

Question 8

Where are the spermatogenic cells located?

Answer 8

Seminferous tubule

Question 9

What route does sperm take?

Answer 9

Testes - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

Question 10

Name 3 causes of male infertility?

Answer 10

Low sperm count
Obstructive - congential, cf
Non obstructive - klinefelters, chemotherapy
Endocrine
Erectile difficulties

Question 11

What is the indiction for intra-uterine insemination?

Answer 11

Low sperm count

Question 12

What is the indication for surgical sperm aspiration?

Answer 12

Azoospermia

Question 13

What is the indication for intracytoplasmic sperm injection?

Answer 13

Very low sperm count

Question 14

What are the indications for donor sperm insemination?

Answer 14

Azoospermia, low sperm count, genetic conditions

Question 15

What is the target for the HIV virus?

Answer 15

CD4+ receptors

Question 16

Why does HIV cause susceptibility to infection?

Answer 16

Causes a reduction in proliferation and circulation of CD4 cells and a reduction in CD8 T cell activation

Question 17

What is the normal range for CD4 cells?

Answer 17

500-1600cells/mm cubed

Question 18

At what CD4 count is the risk of opportunistic infections highest?

Answer 18

Less than 200cm

Question 19

When is a HIV primary infection likely to present and what are the symptoms?

Answer 19

2-4 weeks after infection

Fever, rash, myalgia, pharyngitis, headache

Question 20

Name the 4 likely opportunistic infections in HIV?

And at what CD4 counts do they present?

Answer 20

Pneumocystis pneumonia - less than 200
TB
Cerebral toxoplasmosis - less than 150
Cytomegalovirus - less than 50

Question 21

What organism causes pneumocystis pneumonia?

Answer 21

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 22

What virus causes kaposi’s sarcoma?

Answer 22

Human herpes virus 8

Question 23

What is the risk a baby of HIV infected mother will also become infected?

Answer 23

1 in 4

Question 24

What is the most likely group to present with a late stage HIV infection?

Answer 24

Heterosexual men

Question 25

What is thelarche?

Answer 25

Breast development

Question 26

What is adrenarche?

Answer 26

Hair growth and pubic areas

Question 27

Where is GnRH released from?

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

Where does GnRH act on and what does it cause the release of?

Answer 28

Anterior pituitary | LH and FSH

Question 29

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 29

LH surge

Question 30

At roughly what day in the cycle does ovulation occur?

Answer 30

Day 14

Question 31

What hormone rises after ovulation?

Answer 31

Progesterone

Question 32

What does the follicle become after ovulation and what hormone does it release?

Answer 32

Corpus luteum | Progesterone

Question 33

If fertilisation occurs what does the developing fetus help to maintain?

Answer 33

Corpus luteum

Question 34

What signals the end of the follicular phase?

Answer 34

Ovulation

Question 35

What are the 2 stages of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 35

Follicular | Luteal

Question 36

For women on anti-epileptics which contraceptives are UKMEC 1,2 and 3?

Answer 36

UKMEC 3 - COCP, POP UKMEC 2 - Implant UKMEC 1 - Depo, IUD, IUS

Question 37

For women on lamotrigine which contraceptives are UKMEC 1,2 and 3?

Answer 37

UKMEC 3 - COCP | UKMEC 1 - POP, implant, Depo, IUS, IUS

Question 38

What is metorrhagia?

Answer 38

Regular intermenstrual bleeding

Question 39

What is polymenorrhoea?

Answer 39

Menses occurring at a less than 21 day interval

Question 40

What is polymenorrhagia?

Answer 40

Increased bleeding and frequent cycle

Question 41

What is menometorrhagia?

Answer 41

Prolonged menses and intermenstrual bleeding

Question 42

What is oligomenorrhoea?

Answer 42

Menses at intervals greater than 35 days

Question 43

What are the two types of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

Answer 43

Anovulatory - extremes of reproductive age | Ovulatory

Question 44

How long after UPSI does levonelle work?

Answer 44

72 hours

Question 45

How long after UPSI does ellaOne work?

Answer 45

120 hours

Question 46

What follow up should be given after emergency contraception?

Answer 46

Pregnancy test at 3 weeks

Question 47

How long after UPSI can the copper IUD be used?

Answer 47

120 hours

Question 48

When can medical TOP be performed?

Answer 48

Early - up to 9 weeks Late - 9-12 weeks Mid trimester - 12-24 weeks

Question 49

When can vacuum aspiration be performed?

Answer 49

6-13 weeks

Question 50

When can dilatation and evacuation be performed?

Answer 50

13-24 weeks - not available in scotland

Question 51

What two drugs are given in a medical TOP?

Answer 51

Oral mifepristone | Vaginal or oral prostaglandin - 24-48 hours later

Question 52

When can the second part of TOP be completed at home?

Answer 52

Before 9 weeks

Question 53

Which serotypes of chlamydia are associated with lymphogranuloma venereum infection in MSM?

Answer 53

L1, L2, L3

Question 54

What serotypes of chlamydia are most commonly associated with genital tract infection?

Answer 54

D-K

Question 55

What is the starting rules for COCP?

Answer 55

Up to and including day 5 - no precautions | After day 5 - extra precautions

Question 56

What are the starting rules for COCP in a non breastfeeding postpartum woman?

Answer 56

Up to day 21 - no precautions | After day 21- precautions

Question 57

What are the starting rules for POP?

Answer 57

Up to and including day 5 - no precautions | After day 5 - precautions for 48 hours

Question 58

When is COCP UKMEC 1 in breastfeeding women?

Answer 58

Only after 6 months

Question 59

When is COCP UMKEC 1 in non breastfeeding postpartum women?

Answer 59

After 21 days