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Reproduction > Neonatology > Flashcards

Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gap between the left and right atrium called?

A

Foramen Ovale

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2
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus link and what is its function?

A

Links pulmonary artery and aorta

So blood can by pass the non functioning lungs

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3
Q

What does ductus venousus link?

A

Umbilical vein and inferior vena cava

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4
Q

What is the healthy term weight of a baby?

A

2.5-4kg

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5
Q

When is a pregnancy considered post term?

A

After 41 weeks

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6
Q

How many times should the baby feed in the first 24 hours?

A

3 times

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7
Q

What can be given to prevent haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Vitamin K

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8
Q

What 3 screening tests are performed on newborns?

A

Heel prick test
Hip exam screening
Newborns hearing screening test

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9
Q

What 5 conditions are tested for in the heel prick test?

A 
Hypothyroidism
PKU
CF
Haemoglobinopathies 
Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
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10
Q

When is the new born examination performed?

A

At 24 hours of age

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11
Q

What might an absent red eye reflex indicate?

A

Cataract

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12
Q

What causes tongue tie in newborns?

A

Tight frenulum

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13
Q

What might cause a heart murmur in the first 24 hours?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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14
Q

When should the first passage of urine be?

A

First 24 hours

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15
Q

What is hypospadias?

A

Urethra opening in the wrong place

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16
Q

What are the 4 components of tetralogy of fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Right ventricular hypertrophy

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17
Q

What is potters syndrome?

A

Morphological appearance due to oligohydramnious

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18
Q

What is a normal neonatal heart rate?

A

120-140

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19
Q

What is a normal neonatal Respiratory rate?

A

40-60

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20
Q

What % of babies are born pre term?

A

6%

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21
Q

Name 3 causes of pre term birth?

A

Spontaneous/unknown
Multiple pregnancy
Premature rupture of membranes
Elective caesarean - Pre eclampsia, IUGR

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22
Q

Name 3 risk factors for pre term birth?

A 
Previous pre term delivery
Abnormally shaped uterus
Multiple
Less than 6 months between pregnancies
IVF
Smoking
Alcohol
Illicit drugs
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23
Q

What should be done with the cord after the birth of a pre term baby?

A

Wait for 1 minutes before clamping to allow placental perfusion - if the baby is OK and can be kept warm

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24
Q

How should a pre term baby be kept warm initially?

A

Placed immediately while still wet into a plastic bag

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25
Q

For how long should gestation correction be continued?

A

For babies born 32-36 weeks - 1 year

For babies born before 32 weeks - 2 years

26
Q

Name 3 symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome?

A 
Tachypnoea
Grunting
Intercostal recessions
Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
27
Q

Where does neonatal intraventricular haemorrhage begin?

A

Germinal matrix

28
Q

What is the mortality rate in grade 1 and 2 intraventricular haemorrhage?

A

10%

29
Q

What is the mortality rate in grade 3 and 4 intraventricular haemorrhage?

A

50%

30
Q

What is necrotising enterocolitis?

A

Wide spread necrosis in the small and large intestine

31
Q

What risk does necrotising enterocolitis pose?

A

It may perforate

32
Q

What is a meconium ileum?

A

Intraluminal obstruction

33
Q

What condition might cause a meconium ileus?

A

Cystic fibrosis

34
Q

When is the heel prick test done?

A

5 days

35
Q

What does green vomit in a neonate suggest?

A

Malrotation or volvulus

36
Q

Most common cause of neonatal jaundice?

A

Physiological

37
Q

When does physiological jaundice occur?

A

After the first 24 hours

38
Q

What are the 3 types of pathological neonatal jaundice?

A

Too early - before 24 hours age
Too high - high levels of bilirubin after 24 hours
Too long - After 10 days of age - especially after 2 weeks

39
Q

What is the most common cause of jaundice before 24 hours of age?

A

Haemolysis

40
Q

Name 2 causes of persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia?

A

Hypothyroidism

Haemolysis

41
Q

Name 2 causes of persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia?

A

Hepatitis

Biliary atresia

42
Q

What is the complication of untreated hyperbilirubinaemia?

A

Kernicterus

43
Q

At what age is pyloric stenosis seen?

A

2-8 weeks

44
Q

When does malrotation and volvulus typically present?

A

In the first 7 days

45
Q

When does intussception typicaly present?

A

6-18 months

46
Q

In what condition would you see bile stained vomit?

A

Malrotation

47
Q

In which condition would you feel an olive shaped mass in the upper abdomen?

A

Pyloric stenosis

48
Q

In which condition would you feel a sausage shaped mass?

A

Intussception

49
Q

In which condition would you see jelly red stool?

A

Intussception

50
Q

What are buccal koplik’s spots pathognomonic of?

A

Measels

51
Q

What is a Kawasaki’s disease?

A

Vasculitis that presents in children under 5

52
Q

Where does a medulloblastoma originate from?

A

Granular layer of cerebellum

53
Q

What % of retinoblastoma is genetic?

A

45% - chromosome 13 - autosomal dominant

54
Q

What is the mean age of presentation of a retinoblastoma?

A

18 months

55
Q

What causes meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Persistence of vitaline duct

56
Q

What are the 5 areas assessed in APGAR?

A 
Activity
Pulse
Grimace - movement
Appearance
Respiration
57
Q

How are points awarded in activity in APGAR?

A

0 - No movement
1 - Arms and legs flexed
2 - Active movement

58
Q

How are points awarded in pulse in APGAR?

A

0 - Absent
1 - Below 100bpm
2 - Over 100 bpm

59
Q

How are points awarded in grimace in APGAR?

A

0 - Flaccid
1 - Some flexion of extremities
3 - Active movement - pull away, cough, sneeze

60
Q

How are points awarded in appearance in APGAR?

A

0 - Blue, pale
1 - Body pink, extremities blue
2 - Completely pink

61
Q

How are points awarded in respiration in APGAR?

A

0 - Absent
1 - Slow, irregular
2 - Vigorous cry

62
Q

How are the total points interpreted in APGAR?

A

0-3 Severely depressed
4-6 Moderatley depressed
7-10 Excellent condition

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