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Reproduction > Gynaecological Cancers, Screening and Menopause > Flashcards

Gynaecological Cancers, Screening and Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two stains used in colposcopy?

What show on abnormal areas?

A

Acetic acid - goes white

Iodine - doesn’t go brown

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2
Q

What cellular abnormality is looked for on cervical screening?

A

Dyskariosis - abnormal nuclei

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3
Q

What types of CIN require treatment?

A

CIN II + III

80% of CIN I regress

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4
Q

What are the two treatments of CIN?

A

Loop excision and cold coagulation

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5
Q

What follow up is required 6 months after CIN treatment?

A

Smear at 6 months - test of cure

Cytology + HPV test

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6
Q

Which oestrogen decreases the most during menopause?

And why does this cause oestrogen deficiency?

A

E2 oestradiol

It is the most biologically active

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7
Q

What happens to FSH levels perimenopausally and why?

A

It increases

Because ovaries are less responsive so more FSH is produced in an attempt to stimulate them

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8
Q

How can menopause be diagnosed in younger women?

A

Two raised FSH readings 6 weeks apart

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9
Q

At what ages should Sequential and Continuous HRT be used?

A

Over 54 or last menstruated period more than 1 year ago - continuous
Under 54 - use sequential for 2 years

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10
Q

When can oestrogen only HRT be used?

A

In woman who have had a total hysterectomy

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11
Q

At what age is menopause considered premature?

A

45

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12
Q

What are the 3 benefits of HRT?

A

Relieves vasomotor symptoms
Decreases colorectal cancer risk
Protects against osteoporosis

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13
Q

Which type of HRT has the highest Breast cancer risk?

A

Combined

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of endometrial hyperplasia?
Which type has abnormal cytology?
Which has the highest malignancy risk?

A

Simple - normal cytology
Complex - normal cytology
Atypical - has atypical cytology - high malignancy risk

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15
Q

What are the two commonest types of endometrial cancer and what are their precursor lesions?

A

80% -Endometrioid - atypical hyperplasia

Serious = serous intraepithelial carcinoma

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16
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for endometrial carcinoma?

A

Obestiy

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17
Q

Lynch syndrome
What cancers does it predispose to?
What is the faulty gene?
What is the mode of inheritance?

A

Colorectal, endometrial and ovarian

Inheritance of DNA mismatch repair gene
Autosomal Dominant

18
Q

What type of endometrial cancer is related to unopposed oestrogen?

A

Endometrioid (type 1)

19
Q

Which is more aggressive - endometrioid or serous endometrial cancer?

A

Serous

20
Q

How is endometrial cancer graded?

A

Grade 1 - 5% or less solid growth
Grade 2 - 6-50% solid growth
Grade 3 - >50% solid growth

21
Q

What the name for a fibroid?
What are fibroids?
What are they called if they become malignant?

A

Leiomyoma
Tumours of smooth muscle
Leiomyosarcoma

22
Q

Where does endometrial cancer commonly spread?

A

Myometrium

Cervix

23
Q

What are the 3 types of Ovarian tumours?

A

Epithelial
Germ Cell
Sex cord - stromal

24
Q

Name 3 germ cell ovarian tumours?

A

Teratoma
Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac tumour
Choriocarcinoma

25
Q

Name 2 sex cord ovarian tumours?

A

Fibroma
Granulosa
Sertoli leydig

26
Q

What are the 4 commonest sites for ovarian metastases?

A

Stomach
Colon
Breast
Pancreas

27
Q

What are the 3 categories of epithelial ovarian tumours?

And describe the cytological appearance and stomal invasion?

A

Benign - normal, no invasion
Borderline - abnormal, no invasion
Invasie - abnormal, invasion

28
Q

What are the two commonest types of epithelial ovarian tumour?

A

Serous (2 types - high grade serous carcinoma, low grade serous carcinoma)
Endometrioid (associated with lynch syndrome)

29
Q

What is the normal lining of the endometrium?

A

Pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with tubular glands

30
Q

What type of epithelium is found on the cervix?

A

Stratified squamous

31
Q

What drug may be used for stress incontinence?

A

Duloxetine

32
Q

What drug may be used for over active bladder?

A

Anti muscarinic - oxybutinin

33
Q

What are the 4 levels of uterovaginal prolapse?

A

1st degree - in vagina
2nd degree - at introits
3rd degree - outside vagina
Procidentia - entirely outside vagina

34
Q

What is the most common type of vulval cancer?

A

Squamous cells

35
Q

Name 2 risk factors for vulval cancer?

A

Smokers and immunocompromised women

36
Q

What is the 5 year survival for vulval cancer is node negative?

A

70-80%

37
Q

To which lymph nodes does endometrial cancer spread first?

A

Para aortic

38
Q

To which lymph nodes does cervical cancer spread first?

A

Pelvic lymph nodes

39
Q

To which lymph nodes doe ovarian cancer spread first?

A

Para aortic

40
Q

What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell

41
Q

What is Meig’s syndrome?

A

Benign ovarian tumour, ascities, pleural effusion.

Reproduction (7 decks)

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