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2nd Year Medicine > Reproductive And Embryology > Flashcards

Reproductive And Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What holds the arteries for the uterus?

A

Suspendory ligament

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2
Q

Which area of the uterus do the oocytes enter through to get into the uterine tubes

A

Infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the most common position for the uterus?

A

Anteflex and anteversion

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4
Q

What does the prostrate gland do

A

Provides fructose for sperm and uncoagulate sperm

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5
Q

What does the seminal gland do?

A

Provides citrate to sperm

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6
Q

What is the normal anion gap range

A

8 to 12

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7
Q

Which layer of the endometrium allows for proliferation of stratum functionalis

A

Stratum basalis

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8
Q

Which layer is responsible for the shedding characteristic of menstruation

A

Stratum functionalis

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9
Q

Which hormone encourages the stratum functionalis to regenerate

A

Oestrogen causes stratum functionalis layer to begin regenerating and causes vascularisation to maintain layer

Progesterone - helps maintain the stratum functionalis layer and prevent degradation of it

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10
Q

Which hormones maintain the stratum functionalis

A

Oestrogen allows for the formation of blood vessels

Progesterone also helps maintain the cell layer and causes glands to function

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11
Q

Which hormone causes ovulation

A

LH surge due to a rise of oestrogen

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12
Q

What causes pre-eclampsia

A

Failure of remodelling of spiral artery causing constricted blood flow to placenta.

Leads to hypertension and inflammatory response.

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13
Q

What is the process of sperm cell formation

A

Spermatogenesis

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14
Q

Which muscle in the testicles causes it’s wrinkly appearance

A

Dartos muscle

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15
Q

What are causes of chronic kidney failure

A

Renovascular disease, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, lead nephropathy,

Type 2 diabetes can cause it due to degradation to glomerulus and high blood pressure to kidneys

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16
Q

What causes acute kidney failure

A

Obstructive uropathy or insufficient blood supply

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17
Q

What are hallmark symptoms of kidney failure

A

Oliguria (protein in urine) and low GFR

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18
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A

Acidosis that is occurs metabolically through having to little Bicarbonate and too much H+.

Usually compensated by increased CO2 expiration - higher respiratory rate

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19
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A

Metabolically having too much bicarbonate and/or having low H+.

Compensated through less CO2 excretion. Reduced respiratory rate

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20
Q

Which cells sense low blood pressure in the kidney?

A

Macula densa

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21
Q

Which pathway from the kidney causes increased blood pressure?

A

Renin - angiotensin pathway

Renin - angiotensinogen - angiotensin 1 - Angiotensin converting enzyme - Angiotensin 2

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22
Q

How many layers does the glomerulus have?

A

It has 3 layers;

Fenestrated blood vessels

Glomerulus basement membrane

Podocytes

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23
Q

Which transporter does ENaC belong in the nephron?

A

Cortical collecting duct

24
Q

Which channel does PCT exist in nephron

A

Proximal Convoluted tubule

25
Q

Which part of nephron does channel NKCC2 exist

A

Thick ascending limb

26
Q

Which part of nephron does NCC exist

A

Distal convoluted tubule

27
Q

What is the function of the different parts of the nephron in drug excretion

A

Bowman capsule - filtration of low molecular weight drugs

Loop of henle - reabsorption of water

Proximal tubule - active tubular secretion

Distal tubule - passive tubular reabsorption

Collecting duct - water soluble drugs excretion

28
Q

Which is an issue with drugs in relation to kidney failure

A

Drug can accumulate in the nephron due to the smaller GFR and less efficient filtering of glomerulus.

Inability to urinate or remove the drug can be an issue or alter the effect of the drug

29
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold?

A

400 to 500 ml of urine

30
Q

Which epithelium lines the bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

31
Q

What 3 muscle layers are in the bladder?

A

Longitudinal, circular and spiral muscle

32
Q

Which sphincter is voluntary for voiding the bladder

A

External urethral sphincter

33
Q

Which sphincter is involuntary for voiding the bladder

A

Internal sphincter

34
Q

Which autonomic fibres allow urination or storage of urine

A

Parasympathetic fibres allow voiding of bladder to occur

Sympathetic fibres allow storage of iTunes to occur

35
Q

What is the countercurrent system of the kidney?

A

A system where the inner layers (Medulla) of the henle loop has high osmolarity content

This means the bottom of the loop of henle has high osmolarity while the top has less, facilitated by the thin ascending and descending loops. This allows water to leave the cortical collecting duct and stay within the kidneys

36
Q

Where does the left testicular vein arise from

A

Renal vein

37
Q

What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia and what does it mean

A

It’s a deficiency of ft1 betahydroxylase which causes too much female sex hormones to be produced

38
Q

How is the anion gap calculated and what is normal

A

[Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])

Normal range is 6 to 16 mmol/l

39
Q

What causes menstruated bleeding

A

Corpus Lutem degenerates causing drop of progesterone production.

Drop in progesterone production causes spiral arteries in stratum functionalis to degrade causing ischaemia

Endometrium layer slowly disappears and blood from arteries are released

40
Q

What does the pontine micturition centre do

A

Coordinating voiding

41
Q

What if the rhabdosphincter

A

A tight band of muscle in the urethra at bottom of bladder

Assists in holding urine and is innervated by S2 - 3 and controlled by onuf nucleus

42
Q

Which Nerve intakes pain from bladder body

A

Pelvic nerve

43
Q

Which Nerve senses pain and/or distension at bladder trigone

A

Hypogastric Nerve

44
Q

What is max urine osmolarity

A

1400mosm/kg, 12L per day

45
Q

What is minimum urine osmolarity

A

50 more/Kg, 0.4L per day

46
Q

What is alloreactivity?

A

It is when a person has an immunological reaction to a donor tissue

47
Q

What is hyperacute rejection

A

Rejection that occurs almost immediately after donor tissue has been received.

Compliment is activated and neutrophils are recruited. Results in thrombosis blood supply and ischaemia of tissue

Avoided by proper HLA matching

48
Q

What is acute rejection?

A

Donor tissue rejection which occurs a week to a year after transplantation

B and T cells will begin to attack endothelial cells of tissue, eventually leading to fibrosis of tissue and ischaemia.

Treated via using immunosuppressants

49
Q

What is the cause of high creatinine in chronic kidney disease?

A

Reduced GFR causing creatinine build up

50
Q

What are the different stages of chronic kidney failure

A

Normal (Grade 1) >= 90

Mild reduction (Grade 2) 89 - 60

Mild/moderate (Grade 3a) 45 - 59

Moderate - Severe (Grade 3b) 30 - 44

Severe (Grade 4) 15 - 29

Kidney failure (Grade 5) <15

51
Q

What is the pouch of douglas?

A

Pouch between uterus and rectum

52
Q

What is the vesicouterine pouch

A

Pouch between uterus and bladder

53
Q

What are the two layers an oocyte has against sperm

A

1st layer - Corona Radiata

2nd layer - Zona pellucida

54
Q

How does sperm penetrate oocyte

A

Sperm penetrates the corona radiata then reaches the zona pellucida

Once reaching Zona Pellucida, sperms acrosome will begin to digest through the glycoproteins until reaching oocyte interior

55
Q

What mechanisms prevent polyspermy?

A

There are 2 mechanisms.
Fast block and Slow block

Fast block is where sodium ion permeability changes due to opening of sodium channels causing oocyte plasma membrane polarity to change preventing sperm fusion

Slow block occurs around 10 seconds after fertilisation. Fusion causes release of calcium ions causing cortical granules to be released from oocyte and travel to Zona pellucida.
Leads to a protective layer forming over the Zona pellucida which sperm cannot pass through

2nd Year Medicine (6 decks)

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