Head And Neck

Question 1

What spinal pathway allows for discriminative touch

Answer 1

Medical lemiscus pathway

Question 2

What spinal pathway allows for temperature and pain

Answer 2

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 3

Which spinal pathway controls voluntary movement?

Answer 3

Corticospinal

Question 4

Does the medical leminiscus pathway cross over?

Answer 4

No it’s ipsilateral

Question 5

Does the spinothalamic pathway cross over

Answer 5

Yes it crosses over at the same level as it’s dermatome.

Question 6

What is brown sequard syndrome

Answer 6

Damage to half of the spinal cord which impacts the medial lemiscus and spinothalamic pathway

Causes- loss of sensation and touch below area of injury

Loss of temperature and pain at opposite side of the injury

Loss of pain, temperature and touch at sight of injury

Question 7

What is spinal shock

Answer 7

A phenomena where all spinal reflexes are lost below sight of injury. Reflexes may slowly return but may suffer hyperreflexia

Question 8

What cranial nerves are associated with the corticobulbar pathway?

Answer 8

Cranial nerve 5 7 10 and 12

Question 9

Which part of the brain is associated with executive function and what is considered executive function

Answer 9

Frontal lobe and prefrontal love.

Executive function is problem solving

Question 10

What other dangers are associated with spinal shock

Answer 10

Can cause neurogenic shock leading to loss of sympathetic and autonomic instability.

Causes Hypothermia, Bradyarrhythmia and hypotension

Question 11

What is a normal thyroid remnant found in the tongue?

Answer 11

Foramen Caecum

Question 12

What is a symptom of low blood calcium?

Answer 12

Tetany

Question 13

What is FSH deficiency likely to cause

Answer 13

Secondary gonadal failure

Females need it to allow follicular growth

Makes need it to allow spermatogenesis

Question 14

Where is the sympathetic nerves found?

Answer 14

T 1 to T 6 for upper body

T 7 to L 2 for lower body

Question 15

What causes acute macula degeneration?

Answer 15

Scar tissue and blood pools up causing compression of choroid.

Choroid is essential since it contains nutrients so lack of choroid causes loss of photoreceptors

Question 16

Which cranial nerve is V?

Answer 16

Trigeminal Nerve

Oh oh oh to touch a female virgins glorious vagina so heavenly

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

Question 17

What does the abducens Nerve do?

Answer 17

Supplies the lateral rectus muscles of the eyes.

Abducts eyes

Question 18

What does the trochlear Nerve do?

Answer 18

Controls the superior oblique eye muscle

Question 19

How does the corticospinal pathway split?

Answer 19

Splits into lateral corticospinal tract (85%) and anterior corticalspinal tract (15%)

Anterior only travels to mid-thoracic

Anterior mainly controls limbs while lateral is important for controlling axial muscles

Question 20

Describe the reticulospinal pathway

Answer 20

Bilateral projections that are important for postural control.

Split into two different tracts

Pontine tracts are involved in extensor muscles and regulated by ipsilateral oral and caudal pontine reticular nuclei

Medullary tract are involved in flexor muscles regulated by ipsilateral gigantocellular reticular nuclei

Question 21

What is Horners syndrome?

Answer 21

Rare condition where the upper sympathetic tract found at hypothalamus to carotid artery gets interrupted

Caused by trauma, tumour or stroke

Question 22

What are symptoms of horners syndrome

Answer 22

Miosis, dropping of upper eye lid, anihidrosis, headaches and inability to close eye of affected side

Question 23

Where does the spinal cord originate from?

Answer 23

Medulla Oblongata

Question 24

Which spinal levels innervate the diaphragm?

Answer 24

C3 to C5

Question 25

Which spinal level innervates the bladder and bowel?

Answer 25

S2 - S3

Question 26

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 26

L1 to L 2 where it becomes a thin thread called the Filim Terminale

Question 27

What is the artery of Adamkiewecz or segmental medullary artery?

Answer 27

Artery which supplies the bottom 1/3 of spinal cord

Question 28

Where are the the filliform Papillae found on the tongue

Answer 28

Anterior 2/3

Question 29

What are the 3 layers of muscle on the tongue

Answer 29

Longitudinal - shortens tongue and can curl tip up Transverse - allows rolling of tongue by pulling sides towards median Vertical - flattens tongue

Question 30

Which type of muscle is the tongue?

Answer 30

Skeletal muscle

Question 31

What are the three ear ossicles and which order do they go from tympanic membrane to cochlear

Answer 31

M.I.S Malleus, incus, Stapes

Question 32

Which Nerve sits right next to the ear but is not related to its function?

Answer 32

Facial Nerve

Question 33

Which artery sits close to the ear and can cause pulsative tinnitus

Answer 33

Internal Carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Question 34

What is tinnitus and what types exist

Answer 34

Tinnitus is ringing that can be heard in a ear with no stimuli. Usually due to damage to stereocillia in ear causing unnecessary stimulation Subjective tinnitus - tinnitus only you can hear. Caused by issues with the ear or auditory nerve damage Objective Tinnitus - tinnitus a doctor or someone else can hear. Caused by blood vessel issues or muscle contractions

Question 35

What is Meniere disease

Answer 35

A condition in the inner ear which can suddenly occur due to triggers Symptoms include; vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss Can eventually progress into hearing loss

Question 36

Where do vibrations enter and leave the cochlea?

Answer 36

Vibrations enter through the oval window and leave via the round window

Question 37

What allows for understanding of orientation and balance in the semicircular canals?

Answer 37

Utricle and Sacules. Both detect movement if endolymph through stereocilia connected to nerves. Sacule detects verticals movement Utricle detect horizontal movement

Question 38

Why is the auditory tube important?

Answer 38

Auditory tube allows drainage and air flow through ear. This maintains pressure and prevents tympanic membrane from bursting during changes in ambient air pressure. Eardrum can also buldge into the ear if pressure is not equal leading to impaired hearing

Question 39

What epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

Answer 39

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 40

What epithelium lines the vocal cords

Answer 40

Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

Question 41

Why does the vocal cords have non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 41

To withstand friction of the vocal cords moving during talking

Question 42

Which artery is the most at risk of bursting and why?

Answer 42

Middle meningeal artery. It passes through an area called the pyterion a part of the skull just behind the temple. This area is thin and weak usually meaning physical trauma there will cause bursting of the middle meningeal artery

Question 43

What is the babinski sign and what does it mean?

Answer 43

The baninski sign is an improper reflex of the Plantar reflex. Normally when stimulating bottom of foot, toes should curl in. In babinski sign toes will flay out and extend. This is abnormal It's a sign of upper neural damage or a underlying neural issue

Question 44

What function does the glossopharyngeal serve?

Answer 44

Provides sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx and tympanic membrane Motor innervation to parotid gland and stylopharyngeus muscle

Question 45

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen

Answer 45

Cranial nerves 9, 10 and 11

Question 46

What innervates the gag reflex

Answer 46

Afferent is glossopharyngeal Nerve Efferent is vagus Nerve

Question 47

What is the general name for the movement detecting organs of the ear?

Answer 47

Ampulla

Question 48

What are the ciliary muscles and where are they found

Answer 48

Ciliary muscles are smooth muscles that are found in the eyes middle layer. They are important as they allow for vocal focus on objects that are close or far. They also regulate the flow of aqueous humour

Question 49

What are the pupillary sphincter muscles?

Answer 49

They are smooth muscles that are found in the iris of the eye. They are important for controlling pupil dilation controlling light entry to the eye by constricting the pupil Innervated by oculomotor Nerve as parasympathetic fibres from short ciliary Nerve

Question 50

What is the dilator pupillae and what is its function

Answer 50

Small muscle in the iris which dilates the pupil to allow light into the eye Innervated by long collars Nerve from the sympathetic oculomotor Nerve