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2nd Year Medicine > Head And Neck > Flashcards

Head And Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What spinal pathway allows for discriminative touch

A

Medical lemiscus pathway

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2
Q

What spinal pathway allows for temperature and pain

A

Spinothalamic pathway

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3
Q

Which spinal pathway controls voluntary movement?

A

Corticospinal

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4
Q

Does the medical leminiscus pathway cross over?

A

No it’s ipsilateral

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5
Q

Does the spinothalamic pathway cross over

A

Yes it crosses over at the same level as it’s dermatome.

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6
Q

What is brown sequard syndrome

A

Damage to half of the spinal cord which impacts the medial lemiscus and spinothalamic pathway

Causes- loss of sensation and touch below area of injury

Loss of temperature and pain at opposite side of the injury

Loss of pain, temperature and touch at sight of injury

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7
Q

What is spinal shock

A

A phenomena where all spinal reflexes are lost below sight of injury. Reflexes may slowly return but may suffer hyperreflexia

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8
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with the corticobulbar pathway?

A

Cranial nerve 5 7 10 and 12

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9
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with executive function and what is considered executive function

A

Frontal lobe and prefrontal love.

Executive function is problem solving

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10
Q

What other dangers are associated with spinal shock

A

Can cause neurogenic shock leading to loss of sympathetic and autonomic instability.

Causes Hypothermia, Bradyarrhythmia and hypotension

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11
Q

What is a normal thyroid remnant found in the tongue?

A

Foramen Caecum

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12
Q

What is a symptom of low blood calcium?

A

Tetany

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13
Q

What is FSH deficiency likely to cause

A

Secondary gonadal failure

Females need it to allow follicular growth

Makes need it to allow spermatogenesis

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14
Q

Where is the sympathetic nerves found?

A

T 1 to T 6 for upper body

T 7 to L 2 for lower body

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15
Q

What causes acute macula degeneration?

A

Scar tissue and blood pools up causing compression of choroid.

Choroid is essential since it contains nutrients so lack of choroid causes loss of photoreceptors

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is V?

A

Trigeminal Nerve

Oh oh oh to touch a female virgins glorious vagina so heavenly

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

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17
Q

What does the abducens Nerve do?

A

Supplies the lateral rectus muscles of the eyes.

Abducts eyes

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18
Q

What does the trochlear Nerve do?

A

Controls the superior oblique eye muscle

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19
Q

How does the corticospinal pathway split?

A

Splits into lateral corticospinal tract (85%) and anterior corticalspinal tract (15%)

Anterior only travels to mid-thoracic

Anterior mainly controls limbs while lateral is important for controlling axial muscles

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20
Q

Describe the reticulospinal pathway

A

Bilateral projections that are important for postural control.

Split into two different tracts

Pontine tracts are involved in extensor muscles and regulated by ipsilateral oral and caudal pontine reticular nuclei

Medullary tract are involved in flexor muscles regulated by ipsilateral gigantocellular reticular nuclei

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21
Q

What is Horners syndrome?

A

Rare condition where the upper sympathetic tract found at hypothalamus to carotid artery gets interrupted

Caused by trauma, tumour or stroke

22
Q

What are symptoms of horners syndrome

A

Miosis, dropping of upper eye lid, anihidrosis, headaches and inability to close eye of affected side

23
Q

Where does the spinal cord originate from?

A

Medulla Oblongata

24
Q

Which spinal levels innervate the diaphragm?

A

C3 to C5

25
Q

Which spinal level innervates the bladder and bowel?

A

S2 - S3

26
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 to L 2 where it becomes a thin thread called the Filim Terminale

27
Q

What is the artery of Adamkiewecz or segmental medullary artery?

A

Artery which supplies the bottom 1/3 of spinal cord

28
Q

Where are the the filliform Papillae found on the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3

29
Q

What are the 3 layers of muscle on the tongue

A

Longitudinal - shortens tongue and can curl tip up

Transverse - allows rolling of tongue by pulling sides towards median

Vertical - flattens tongue

30
Q

Which type of muscle is the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle

31
Q

What are the three ear ossicles and which order do they go from tympanic membrane to cochlear

A

M.I.S

Malleus, incus, Stapes

32
Q

Which Nerve sits right next to the ear but is not related to its function?

A

Facial Nerve

33
Q

Which artery sits close to the ear and can cause pulsative tinnitus

A

Internal Carotid artery and internal jugular vein

34
Q

What is tinnitus and what types exist

A

Tinnitus is ringing that can be heard in a ear with no stimuli. Usually due to damage to stereocillia in ear causing unnecessary stimulation

Subjective tinnitus - tinnitus only you can hear. Caused by issues with the ear or auditory nerve damage

Objective Tinnitus - tinnitus a doctor or someone else can hear. Caused by blood vessel issues or muscle contractions

35
Q

What is Meniere disease

A

A condition in the inner ear which can suddenly occur due to triggers

Symptoms include; vertigo, nausea, tinnitus and sudden hearing loss

Can eventually progress into hearing loss

36
Q

Where do vibrations enter and leave the cochlea?

A

Vibrations enter through the oval window and leave via the round window

37
Q

What allows for understanding of orientation and balance in the semicircular canals?

A

Utricle and Sacules. Both detect movement if endolymph through stereocilia connected to nerves.

Sacule detects verticals movement

Utricle detect horizontal movement

38
Q

Why is the auditory tube important?

A

Auditory tube allows drainage and air flow through ear.

This maintains pressure and prevents tympanic membrane from bursting during changes in ambient air pressure.

Eardrum can also buldge into the ear if pressure is not equal leading to impaired hearing

39
Q

What epithelium lines the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

40
Q

What epithelium lines the vocal cords

A

Stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium

41
Q

Why does the vocal cords have non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

A

To withstand friction of the vocal cords moving during talking

42
Q

Which artery is the most at risk of bursting and why?

A

Middle meningeal artery.

It passes through an area called the pyterion a part of the skull just behind the temple.

This area is thin and weak usually meaning physical trauma there will cause bursting of the middle meningeal artery

43
Q

What is the babinski sign and what does it mean?

A

The baninski sign is an improper reflex of the Plantar reflex.

Normally when stimulating bottom of foot, toes should curl in.

In babinski sign toes will flay out and extend. This is abnormal

It’s a sign of upper neural damage or a underlying neural issue

44
Q

What function does the glossopharyngeal serve?

A

Provides sensory innervation to posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx and tympanic membrane

Motor innervation to parotid gland and stylopharyngeus muscle

45
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen

A

Cranial nerves 9, 10 and 11

46
Q

What innervates the gag reflex

A

Afferent is glossopharyngeal Nerve

Efferent is vagus Nerve

47
Q

What is the general name for the movement detecting organs of the ear?

A

Ampulla

48
Q

What are the ciliary muscles and where are they found

A

Ciliary muscles are smooth muscles that are found in the eyes middle layer.

They are important as they allow for vocal focus on objects that are close or far. They also regulate the flow of aqueous humour

49
Q

What are the pupillary sphincter muscles?

A

They are smooth muscles that are found in the iris of the eye.

They are important for controlling pupil dilation controlling light entry to the eye by constricting the pupil

Innervated by oculomotor Nerve as parasympathetic fibres from short ciliary Nerve

50
Q

What is the dilator pupillae and what is its function

A

Small muscle in the iris which dilates the pupil to allow light into the eye

Innervated by long collars Nerve from the sympathetic oculomotor Nerve

2nd Year Medicine (6 decks)

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