Endocrine Flashcards
Where do you find GLUT 1
Widely distributed
Where do you find GLUT 2?
Mainly found in beta cells
Where are GLUT3 found
Found in the brain
Where is GLUT4 found?
Muscle and fat cells
Where is GLUT5 found?
In the sperm
How much reabsorption of glucose does SGLT2 do in the proximal convoluted tubule?
90%
Why are diabetic people’s urine very sugary?
The high content of glucose in filtrate super saturates SGLT2 & SGLT1 causing residual glucose to be urinated
What is a common cause for Cushing syndrome?
Cancer growth of pituitary gland
Long term use of steroids then sudden lowering of treatment
What is a common cause of Addison’s disease
ACTH resistance or loss of adrenal mass
What causes Graves’ disease?
Autoimmune Thyroid receptor T cells binding to TRH receptors
What causes aldosterone to be released
Low blood pressure
What does aldosterone do
Aldosterone causes ENaC transporters to be added into the cortical collecting duct causing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Also increases water reabsorption
Which enzyme converts progesterone into pregnenolone
stAR - Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
Why do people with type 2 diabetes risk developing blindness
While suffering diabetes, blood vessels receive damage from high sugar in blood. These vessels deteriorate leading to ischaemia of eye causing VEGF to be released.
VEGF caused formation of small weak blood vessels which burst easily. Bursting can lead to blood covering retina causing blindness
Why do people with type 1 diabetes suffer from DKA
No insulin leads to fat and muscle not taking sugar. Causes production of fatty based carbohydrates leading to ketone over production.
Ketones are acidic and cause metabolic acidosis
Which enzyme produces aldosterone
Aldosterone synthase
What is used to supplement hypopituitaryism
Hormonal replacement therapy using hormones such as;
Flurocortisone
Hydrocortisone
What is the result of too much growth hormone production
Acromegaly
What is a complication associated with an enlarged pituitary adenoma
Compression of optic tract causing bitemporal hemianopia
What is given to treat diabetes insipidus
Desmopressin
What are the 2 types of diabetes insipidus
Cranial caused by a lack of vasopressin production
Nephrotic caused by resistance to vasopressin in collecting duct
How would you test for diabetes insipidus type?
Water deprivation test. Deprive patient of fluid for 8 hours and measure patient urine every 2 - 4 hours.
Then give desmopressin and observe urine.
If patient urine similarity changes then it’s cranial
How to test for Adrenal insufficiency
SynACTHen test.
Give patient some ACTH and observe how much cortisol increases.
If patient cortisol increases it suggests an issue with pituitary gland. If no increase observed it suggest adrenal insufficiency
Why is hyponatreamia (low sodium) dangerous and most common cause
Low sodium due to water misbalance where patient loses a lot of water
Hypovolemia - vomiting or Diarrhoea, diuretic excess
Euvolemia - hypothyroidism, pain, diabetes insipidus, glucocorticoid deficient
Hypervolemia - cardiac failure, acute chronic renal failure
