People And Illness

Question 1

How many units until binge drinking

Answer 1

8 in a single day

Question 2

Recommended max weekly unit intake

Answer 2

14

Question 3

How many grams of alcohol in a unit

Answer 3

8g

Question 4

Which pathways does alcohol get metabolised

Answer 4

Mitochondrial ethanol oxidising system, perioxisome pathway and direct pathway

Question 5

What are ROS?

Answer 5

Reactive oxygen species. Oxygen molecules with a missing electron which will bind to whatever molecule it comes in contact with

Question 6

What is the main cause of Parkinson dementia

Answer 6

Lewy body formations, formed from Alpha synuclein bundles. These destroy the substantial nigra, removing a dopamine pathway from the thalamus which is important for encouraging and inhibiting movement

Question 7

What are the main causes of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 7

Tau tangles and amyloid beta plaques which destroy tissue at the amygdala and cerebrum causing memory issues and cognitive decline

Question 8

What causes frontotemporal dementia

Answer 8

Usually due to a genetic disposition, normally caused by Tau and amyloid deposites at the front and temporal brain causing executive function disorder

Question 9

What causes vascular dementia

Answer 9

Reduced blood flow to the cerebral arteries due to damage to arteries or atherosclerosis of them

Usually leads to reduced memory functions and cognitive ability

Question 10

What is Crutzfelt Jacob disease (CJD)

Answer 10

Condition where mutated prions are in the brain and they form plaques, degrading brain matter around them and mutating other prion proteins they come in contact with

Causes spongiform encephalopathy where holes form in the brain tissue

Question 11

What is immunoediting

Answer 11

Process of immune system destroying cancerous cells in her body

Question 12

What types of cancers spread mainly using blood

Answer 12

Sarcommas. Kidney, and rectal cancers also spread this way

Question 13

Which types of cancer spread via lymphatics

Answer 13

Colonic and breast cancers commonly use this mechanism of spread

Question 14

Which types of cancers spread through peritoneum

Answer 14

Cancers such as ovarian cancers

Question 15

What is the mechanical theory of cancer spread?

Answer 15

It’s the principle where cancer spreads based on the blood supply of its current location. It will follow the flow of blood from its current location

Question 16

What is the seed and soil theory of cancer spread

Answer 16

It’s the idea that cancer will only spread to organs that have an environment similar to its original tissue

Question 17

What is ADHD?

Answer 17

Attention deficit disorder. Condition where individual may have issues focusing and be hyperactive, unable to remain still

Question 18

What is the best first approach to dealing with ADHD

Answer 18

Attempt to regulate lifestyle and try to provide them with an environment that discourages ADHD behaviour

Question 19

What are observed physical changes to the brain of someone suffering ADHD

Answer 19

Smaller brain, smaller basal ganglia

Question 20

What are common co-morbidity with ADHD

Answer 20

Insomnia, ODD. (Opposition defiance disorder), depression

Question 21

What is considered a hallmark sign of ADHD

Answer 21

Poor peer relations, inability to focus for long periods of time, hyperactivity

Question 22

What is wernicke Karskov syndrome

Answer 22

It’s a condition which causes confusion and nystagmus which can eventually lead to permanent memory loss or worsened memory

It’s caused by a deficiency of Thiamine and the neurotoxicity of prolonged alcohol

Question 23

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 23

Naturally modified medicines which provide the body with antibodies or molecules that strengthen the bodies innate ability to fight cancer and supports immunoediting

Question 24

What is synaptic pruning

Answer 24

Synaptic pruning is the process of removing unneeded synapses and forming new synapses to make the brain more efficient.

Occurs during puberty and starts from the posterior of the brain and progresses until finishing at prefrontal cortex

Question 25

What is the cycle of beating drug addiction?

Answer 25

Precontemplation

Contemplation

Planning

Action

Maintenance

Relapse

Or

Success

Question 26

What causes alcohol withdrawal

Answer 26

Compensatory low GABA which causes effects of shaking, insomnia, comas, seizures and restlessness

Question 27

What is given to combat alcohol withdrawal

Answer 27

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam

Provide a hypnotic effect similar to alcohol by increasing GABA

Question 28

What does cocaine do

Answer 28

Prevents reuptake of dopamine causing excess dopamine stimulation in brain

Question 29

Why is marijuana bad for health

Answer 29

Smoking can damage lungs and cause lung issues

Marijuana has been observed to cause mental health issues or cause an underlying mental health issue to become apparent

T cell function is seen to be compromised with chronic marijuana use

Question 30

What are the pathways of alcohol digestion

Answer 30

Main pathway - involves turning ethanol into Aldehyde using ethanol dehydrogenase

Mitochondrial ethanol oxidising system - occurs in mitochondria and involves using CYP2E1 enzyme to convert ethanol to acetaldehyde

Perioxisome- involves using catalase. Creates NADH and free radicals

Question 31

What happens to the liver during chronic alcoholism

Answer 31

Chronic alcohol consumption causes;

Liver function to focus on ethanol breakdown opposed to other metabolic functions which can cause issues

Constant NADH production causes fat deposited on liver

Free radicals and chemicals released causes apoptosis of liver hepatocytes and fibrosis damaging liver tissue