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Reproductive > Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures make up the superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)?

A

Sacral promontory, ala of the sacrum, arcuate line of the ilium, pecten pubis, pubic tubercle, pubic crest and pubic symphysis

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2
Q

Which parts of the pelvis are named the true/lesser pelvis?

A

Pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera (located inferiorly)

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3
Q

Which parts of the pelvis are named the false/greater pelvis?

A

Iliac crests, and everything bony above the inlet. Provides support of the lower abdominal viscera

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4
Q

What are the features of the male pelvis?

A
  • taller and narrower male pelvis
  • narrower lesser pelvis
  • narrower pelvic outlet
  • acute subpubic angle
  • round obturator foramen
  • closer together acetabulam
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5
Q

What are the features of the female pelvis?

A
  • shorter and wider greater pelvis
  • wider lesser pelvis
  • wider and larger pelvic inlet
  • wider pelvic outlet
  • obtuse subpubic angle
  • oval obturator foramen
  • wider apart acetabulum that face more medially
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6
Q

Which structures form the anterior inferior wall of the pelvic cavities?

A

Bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis

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7
Q

Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus

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8
Q

Which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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9
Q

Which nerve network lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Sacral plexus

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10
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Fibromuscular structure located in the midline of the perineum

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11
Q

What is the anococcygeal body?

A

Fibrous median raphe (fibrous band) that extends between the coccyx and the margin of the anus

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12
Q

What are the two major parts of the pelvic floor?

A

Levatator ani and coccygeus

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13
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A

Support of the abdominopelvic viscera, resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure and urinary/faecal continence

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic floor?

A

Pudendal n. (S2, 3& 4)

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15
Q

Which major artery supplies blood to the majority of the pelvic organs, perineum and gluteal regions (except testis, ovaries and upper part of the rectum)?

A

Internal iliac arteries

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16
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the obturator arteries?

A

Thigh adductors

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17
Q

Which veins drain the pelvic structures?

A

Internal iliac, superior rectal, median sacral, gonadal and internal vertebral plexus

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18
Q

Which parts of the rectum drain into the portal circulation?

A

Superior 2/3

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19
Q

Which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation?

A

Inferior 1/3

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20
Q

What is innervated by the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

In males: skin at the root of the penis

In females: labia

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21
Q

What structures in males are supplied by the genital branch of the genito-femoral nerve?

A

Spermatic cord and skin of the scrotum

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22
Q

Which autonomic nerves supply the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis in males?

A

Sympathetic fibres from L1/2 via the hypogastric plexus

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23
Q

Which autonomic nerves supply the female genital tract?

A

Pelvic and ovarian plexuses and parasympathetic nerve fibres from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2, 3 and 4)

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24
Q

Which autonomic nerves innervate the erectile tissue in both male and females?

A

Parasympathetic from S2, 3 & 4 via the hypogastric plexus

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25
Q

Where do the external iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?

A

Inguinal nodes, bladder, external genitalia, vagina, cervix and body of the uterus

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26
Q

Where do the internal iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?

A

Gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscera

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27
Q

Where do the sacral lymph nodes drain lymph from?

A

Posterioinferior pelvic viscera

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28
Q

Where do the common iliac lymph nodes drain lymph from?

A

Drainage from 3 main groups: external iliac, internal iliac and sacral

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29
Q

Name the internal male reproductive organs

A

Testis, vas deferens, seminal glands, prostate, epididymis and bulbourethral glands

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30
Q

Name the main contents of the spermatic cord?

A

Vas deferens, testicular artery and pampiniform plexus of veins

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31
Q

What is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis called?

A

Tunica

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32
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis called?

A

Visceral and parietal

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33
Q

What material is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?

A

Cavum vaginale

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34
Q

What is a hydrocele?

A

An accumulation of serous fluid

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35
Q

What is a haematocele?

A

An accumulation of blood

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36
Q

At what vertebral level do the testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta?

A

L2

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37
Q

Which structures do the testicular arteries cross before they travel through the inguinal canal?

A

Ureter and psoas major

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38
Q

What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?

A

Pampiniform plexus

39
Q

Into which vein does the right testicular vein drain into?

40
Q

Into which vein does the left testicular vein drain into?

A

Left renal vein

41
Q

Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis?

A

Para-aortic and lumbar

42
Q

What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

Seminal fluid (fructose, proteins, citric acid, inorganic phosphorus, potassium and prostaglandins)

43
Q

What secretions are produced by the prostate gland?

A

Prostate fluid (PSA, enzymes and B-microsemen protein

44
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands?

A

Small, paired structures located in the urogenital diaphragm which empty into the spongy urethra

45
Q

What is secreted by the bulbourethral gland and what is its function?

A
  • Mucous containing glycoproteins
  • Lubrication for urethra and tip of penis, expels any urine residue/dead cells/mucous through the urethral meatus and helps to neutralise residual acidity in the male urethra
46
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac and sacral nodes

47
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicle?

A

External and internal iliac nodes

48
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

49
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Superficial inguinal, deep inguinal and external iliac nodes

50
Q

Which structures make up the female reproductive system?

A

Uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina and ovaries

51
Q

What three structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Cervix, vagina and vulva

52
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

Parametrium, myometrium and endometrium

53
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed and anteverted

54
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Recesses at the vault of the vagina

55
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can you access the rectouterine pouch?

56
Q

Which ligament is called the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

Mackerodt’s/ lateral cervical/ transverse cervical ligament

57
Q

Name the four parts of the fallopian tubes

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and intramural/uterine

58
Q

Which part of the uterine tube is the longest and widest?

59
Q

Fertilisation occurs in which part of the uterine tube?

60
Q

What is meant by the term ectopic pregnancy?

A

When a fertilised egg implants itself outside of the womb

61
Q

What is a cornual ectopic?

A

When implantation occurs in the cavity of a rudimentary horn of the uterus

62
Q

Name the two ligaments associated with the ovaries?

A
  • Ligament of ovary (uterus to ovary)

- Suspensory ligament of ovary (ovary to lateral pelvic wall)

63
Q

What is the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia?

A

Gonadal and internal iliac arteries

64
Q

At what level do the gonadal arteries originate?

65
Q

Where does the ovarian artery run?

A

It descends within the suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament

66
Q

Where does the uterine artery run?

A

It crosses over the ureter at the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral part of the fornix of the vagina

67
Q

Where does the lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal

68
Q

Where does the lymph from the ovaries drain into?

A

Para-aortic nodes

69
Q

Where does the lymph from the fundus and upper uterine body drain into?

A

Pre-aortic nodes

70
Q

Where does the lymph from the majority of the uterine body drain into?

A

Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal nodes

71
Q

Where does the lymph from the uterine cervix and upper vagina drain into?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

72
Q

Where does the lymph from the lower vagina drain into?

A

Superficial inguinal and peri-rectal nodes

73
Q

Describe the structure of breast

A

Each breast consists of 15-25 lobes with tubulo-acinar gland (parenchyma) and stroma (connective tissue)

74
Q

What are the anatomical dimensions of the breasts?

A

Vertically: 2nd rib to 6th rib
Horizontal: lateral border of the sternum to the mid axillary line

75
Q

Which muscles lie deep to the breasts?

A

Pectoralis major, serratus anterior and intercostal muscles

76
Q

Which major arteries supply the breasts?

A

Subclavian and axillary arteries

77
Q

Name the main groups of lymph nodes draining the breast tissue

A

Axillary, parasternal, posterior intercostal and supraclavicular

78
Q

Name four functions of the placenta?

A

Gaseous, removal of CO2 and waste products, protection of fetus against infections, diseases etc. and release of hormones

79
Q

When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

Third stage of labour after the delivery of the fetus

80
Q

How many umbilical arteries would you find in the umbilical cord and what is their function?

A

Two- carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

81
Q

What is the name of the jelly like substance found in the umbilical cord?

A

Wharton’s jelly

82
Q

What are the boundaries of the perineum?

A 
Anterior: pubic symphysis
Posterior: tip of coccyx
Laterally: inferiorpubic rabi, inferior ischial rami, and sacrotuberal ligament
Roof: pelvic floor
Base: skin and fascia
83
Q

Name the two triangles that form the perineum

A

Anterior urogenital and posterior anal triangles

84
Q

Which perineal triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?

A

Posterior anal triangle

85
Q

What is the name given to the thin sheet of deep fascia that stretches between the right and left sides of the pubic arch below the pubic symphysis?

A

Coles fascia

86
Q

Name the muscles of the perineum

A
  • External anal sphincter
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • Ischiocavernosus
  • Superficial transverse perineal
  • Deep transverse perineal
  • External urethral sphincter
87
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

Connectin point for the muscles

88
Q

Which muscles converge towards the perineal body?

A
  • Bulbospongiosus
  • External anal sphincter
  • Superficial and deep perineal muscles
89
Q

What is the innervation of the external urethral sphincter?

A

Perineal branch of the pudendal nerve

90
Q

What is the innervation of the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Sympathetic - T10-L2 from the hypogastric reflex

91
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra?

92
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous

93
Q

What are the contents of the ischio-anal fossae?

A
  • Pudendal n.

- Internal pudendal artery and vein

Reproductive (26 decks)

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