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Medicine > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What secretes Oestrogen?

A

Ovaries and Placenta

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2
Q

8 functions of Oestrogen

A
  • Genital growth
  • Breast growth
  • Follicle growth
  • Endometrial growth
  • Upregulates OESTROGEN, LH and PROGESTERONE receptors
  • Inhibits FSH and LH through feedback mechanisms
  • Stimulates PROLACTIN secretion and LH surge (which causes ovulation)
  • Increases protein transport
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3
Q

What secretes Progesterone?

A

PACT

Placenta
Adrenal cortex
Corpus luteum
Testes

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4
Q

8 functions of Progesterone

A
  • Maintains progesterone
  • Produces cervical mucus
  • Increases BODY TEMPERATURE
  • Inhibits FSH and LH (like oestrogen does)
  • Downregulates OESTROGEN receptors
  • Increases ENDOMETRIAL GLAND secretion
  • Increases SPIRAL ARTERY DEVELOPMENT
  • Softens ligaments during pregnancy
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5
Q

What secretes FSH and LH?

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

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6
Q

5 functions of FSH

A
  • Stimulates SERTOLI cells to produce ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEIN
  • Stimulates SERTOLI cells to produce INHIBIN
  • Stimulates SPERMATOGENESIS
  • Stimulates OESTROGEN secretion
  • Stimulate growth and maturation of OVARIAN FOLLICLE
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7
Q

3 functions of LH

A
  • Stimulates LEYDIG cells to produce TESTOSTERONE
  • LH surge causes OVULATION
  • Results in formation of CORPUS LUTEUM
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8
Q

What secretes Testosterone?

A

Leydig cells of TESTES and ADRENAL CORTEX

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9
Q

5 functions of Testosterone

A
  • Male secondary sexual characteristics
  • Penile and MUSCULAR development
  • Growth of SEMINAL VESICLES
  • EPIPHYSEAL PLATE closure
  • Differentiation of VAS DEFERENS, SEMINAL VESICLES and EPIDIDYMIS
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10
Q

What secretes Inhibin and what is the function of Inhibin?

A
  • Secreted by Sertoli cells

- Inhibits FSH

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11
Q

SIX steps of Menstrual Cycle

A

1- Increased oestrogen levels cause ENDOMETRIAL PROLIFERATION whilst GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE matures

2- Increased oestrogen levels cause an increased expression of GnRH receptors

3- Increased oestrogen also causes LH surge which causes OVULATION around day 14

4- Corpus luteum secretes PROGESTERONE which maintains ENDOMETRIAL LINING for implantation

5- If there is no implantation, the corpus luteum REGRESSES so PROGESTERONE LEVELS decrease

6- Progesterone levels no longer maintain the endometrium so the endometrium is shed

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12
Q

What causes milk EJECTION and milk PRODUCTION

A

Milk Ejection- Posterior Pituitary produces OXYTOCIN

Milk Production- Anterior Pituitary produces PROLACTIN

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13
Q

3 Changes in Resp System during Pregnancy

A

Elevated diaphragm

Decreased expiratory reserved volume

Increased TIDAL VOLUME

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14
Q

4 Changes in Cardiovascular System during Pregnancy

A
  • Decreased BP- progesterone decreases vascular resistance by increasing SPIRAL ARTERY formation
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased blood VOLUME as BP stimulates RAAS

-MAY see Raynaud’s phenomenon due to peripheral circulation constriction

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15
Q

4 Changes in Renal System during Pregnancy

A

INCREASED-

  • Kidney size
  • GFR
  • UTI (due to dilated, elongated ureters)
  • Frequency of urination
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16
Q

3 Changes in Dermatology during Pregnancy

A

Linea Nigra

Palmar erythema

Spider angioma

17
Q

Causes of Mastitis

A

Milk stasis or overproduction causes regional infection of BREAST PARENCHYMA with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS which enters the breast via trauma to the nipple

18
Q

Treatment of Mastitis

A

Encourage to continue breastfeeding

FLUCLOXACILLIN

19
Q

Where does Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia usually occur?

A

In the TRANSITIONAL ZONE of the prostate gland

20
Q

Causes of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

A

Hypertrophy of EPITHELIAL and STROMAL cells of the Prostate gland

Thought to be driven by ANDROGEN DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE

21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A

FUN BOO

Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia

Bladder Outflow Obstruction (BOO)

  • Hesitancy
  • Intermittent flow/ poor urine stream/ dribbling
  • Incomplete bladder emptying
22
Q

Investigations in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

A

Enlarged but CMOOTH prostate gland with PALPABLE MIDLINE SULCUS

PSA will be raised

23
Q

Management of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

A

Alpha 1 blockers (TAMSULOSIN)

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (FINASTERIDE)

24
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

A

FUN BOO + others

Frequency
Urgency
Nocturia

Bladder Outflow Obstruction (BOO)

  • Hesitancy
  • Intermittent flow/ poor urine stream/ dribbling
  • Incomplete bladder emptying
  • Weight loss
  • Malaise and fatigue
  • Often spreads to bone, so BONE PAIN or PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURE
25
Q

Investigations in Prostatic Cancer

A

Midline sulcus is NO LONGER PALPABLE

Raised PSA

26
Q

Treatment of Prostatic Cancer

A

Radiotherapy

BRACHYTHERAPY

Goserelin (ZOLADEX)- Luteinising hormone releaseing hormon (LHRH AGONIST)

Antiandrogens- CYPROTERONE

Medicine (15 decks)

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