Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Malaria- The 5 Causative Organisms

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum- (most severe- causes CEREBRAL MALARIA)
  • Plasmodium ovale/ Plasmodium vivax- may lie dormant in the LIVER as HYPNOZOITES
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • Plasmodium knowlesi (very rare)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Signs and symptoms of Malaria

A
  • Night sweats
  • ANAEMIA
  • SPLENOMEGALY
  • Seizures (CEREBRAL MALARIA or SECONDARY to FEVER)
  • Diarrhoea/ nausea
  • Flu-like symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Investigations in Malaria

A

Real-time PCR

Blood film

Bloods- ESR/ CRP/ Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment of Malaria (there are 6 functions)

A

1) Inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE-

CHLOROQUINE/QUININE

2) Blood SCHIZONTICIDE-

MEFLOQUINE/ PRIMAQUINE/ MALARONE

3) Inhibits PLASMODIUM PROTEIN SYNTHESIS-

DOXYCYCLINE

4) Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE-

PYRIMETHAMINE

5) Inhibits FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-

ARTEMETHER (always used with LUMEFANTRINE)

6) Inhibits haem metabolism-

LUMEFANTRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

6 Malaria Treatments

A

1) Inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE
2) Blood SCHIZONTICIDE
3) Inhibits PLASMODIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
4) Inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
5) Inhibits FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase
6) Inhibits HAEM METABOLISM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Malarial treatments that inhibit HAEM POLYMERASE

A

Chloroquine

Quinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malarial treatments that are blood SCHIZONTICIDE

A

Mefloquine (Lariam)

Primaquine

Malarone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit PLASMODIAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A

DOXYCYCLINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE

A

Pyrimethamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit FALCIPARUM sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATP-ase

A

ARTEMETHER (always use it with LUMEFANTRINE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Malarial treatment that inhibit HAEM METABOLISM

A

LUMEFANTRINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ACID-FAST bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pathophysiology of PRIMARY Pulmonary TB (3 things)

A
  • Initial TB infection

- GHON FOCUS formation in UPPER LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathophysiology of SECONDARY Pulmonary TB (3 things)

A
  • Occurs AFTER primary infection
  • Dormant TB is REACTIVATED
  • Fibrocaseous Lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Five other forms of TB

A
  • Miliary
  • Genitourinary
  • MENINGITIS
  • Bone (Pott’s disease of the spine)
  • Peritoneal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of TB

A
  • Night Sweats
  • HAEMOPTYSIS
  • WEIGHT LOSS
  • Cough/ Fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Investigations in TB

A
  • Sputum culture (OGAWA/ LOWENSTEIN medium)
  • Sputum stain: ZIEHL-NEELSEN stain
  • Transbronchial biopsy- GRANULOMAS are diagnostic
  • Pleural fluid analysis and biopsy
  • CXR for infiltrates and cavitations. Lesions described as MILLET SEEDS in MILITARY TB
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for TB

A

RIPE

Rifampicin
Iconiazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutamol

Other drugs in therapy-
- Streptomycin/ Quinolones/ Amikacin/ Capreomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

8 types of Human Herpes Virus

A

HHV-1- Herpes labialis

HHV-2- Herpes genitalia

HHV-3- VARICELLA ZOSTER

HHV-4- EPSTEIN-BARR

HHV-5- CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

HHV-6- Roseola Infantum

HHV-7- Closely related to HHV-6

HHV-8- Kaposki’s Sarcoma (associated with HIV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two Types of HIV

A

HIV 1-

  • TYPE M-A-J- Prevalent in Europe, America, Australia, Sub-Saharan Africa
  • TYPE O- Prevalent in Cameroon

HIV 2-

  • WEST AFRICA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 Transmissions of HIV

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • Contaminated Needles
  • Contaminated blood transfusions
  • Vertical transmission (via breast milk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 Antigens on HIV

A

Gp120- binds to CD4+ receptors on T cell-
- Produces conformational change and needs to bind to a coreceptor CCR5 or CXCR4

Gp41- binds to coreceptor
- Causes ‘six-helix bundle formation’ and fusion of viral and host membranes

23
Q

Long terminal repeat sequences used by host cells to manufacture new HIV virions

A

TAT and REV

24
Q

3 Genes required for viral replication in HIV

A

POL- encodes REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE and INTEGRASE

ENV- encodes envelope proteins (Gp120)

GAG- encodes VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

25
Q

Investigations in HIV

A

Bloods-
- HLA-B*5701 status

  • ELISA
  • Western blot test
  • Immunofluorescence assay
  • Nucleic acid testing

Virology-

  • Cytomegalovirus antibody
  • Hepatitis Serology
  • HIV antibody
  • TB (if indicated)
26
Q

Treatment for HIV

A

HIGHLY ACTIVE RETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)-

  • 2NRTIs with 1 NNRTI
    Or
  • 2NRTIS with 1 PI or 1 II
  • Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)
  • Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI)
  • Protease Inhibitor (PI)
  • Integrase Inhibitor (II)
27
Q

Examples for NRTI, NNRTI, PI, II (HIV Treatment)

A

NRTI- Zidovudine
NNRTI- Nevirapine
PI- Indinavir
II- Raltegravir

28
Q

Complications of HIV

A

Increased risk of opportunistic infections-

  • CMV (RETINITIS)
  • Cryptococcal meningitis
  • Pneumocystic JIROVECCI pneumonia
  • Mycobacterium avium complex

Increased risk of malignancies-

  • Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
  • Anal cancer
  • Cervical cancer
  • KAPOSKI’s sarcoma
29
Q

Trichonomas vaginalis (STI)

(PROTOZOAN)

Symptoms-
Investigations-
Treatment-
Complications-

A

Symptoms-

  • FISHY, BUBBLY THIN DISCHARGE
  • Strawberry cervix is visible

Investigations-

  • Cervical smear
  • Rapid antigen testing
  • PCR

Treatment-

  • METRONIDAZOLE
  • Intravaginal CLOTRIMAZOLE during pregnancy

Complications-

  • Increased risk of:
    1) HIV
    2) Cervical cancer
    3) PRETERM DELIVERY
30
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis (NOT an STI)

(BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS)

Symptoms-
Investigations-
Treatment-

A

Symptoms-

  • FISHY, GREY DISCHARGE
  • CHALMYDIA
  • GONORRHOEA

Investigations-
- Microscopy

Treatment-

  • METRONIDAZOLE
  • CLINDAMYCIN
31
Q

Treponema pallidum (STI)

(SYPHILIS)

Symptoms-
Investigations-
Treatment-
Complications-

A

Symptoms-

  • Three stages-
    1) superficial ulceration
    2) rash on palms and soles
    3) CARDIAC and NEUROLOGICAL involvement

Investigations-

  • VDRL
  • RPR
  • FTA
  • Treponema Pallidum tests

Treatment-

  • Procaine Penicillin G
  • Doxycycline
  • Erythromycin
  • Azithromycin
  • If the patient has NEUROSYPHILIS, give then prophylactic PREDNISOLONE to avoid JARISCH-HERXHEIMER reaction, which may occur after ANTIBACTERIAL TREATMENT as ENDOTOXINS are released
32
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

(CHLAMYDIA)

Investigations-
Treatment-
Complications-

A

Investigations-

  • Chalmydia cell culture
  • NAAT
  • DFA

Treatment-

  • AZITHROMYCIN
  • or DOXYCYCLINE (7 days)

Complications-

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • URETHRITIS
  • Postpartum ENDOMETRITIS
  • Infertility
33
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

(GONORRHOEA)

Investigations-
Treatment-
Complications

A

Investigations-

  • NAAT
  • Cultured in CHOCOLATE AGAR

Treatment-

  • AZITHROMYCIN
  • or CEFTRIAXONE

Complications-

  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
  • Infertility
  • Dissemination of bacteria
34
Q

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA staining

A
  • stain blue and pink
  • RETAIN color when washed with ETHANOL and WATER
  • GRAM POSITIVE don’t retain color when washed with ETHANOL and ACETONE
35
Q

GRAM POSITIVE 6 types

A

SS LAND

  • Staphylococcal infections
  • Streptococcal infections
  • Listeriosis
  • Anthrax
  • Nocardia
  • Diptheria
36
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE 6 types

A

GN PPCW

  • Granuloma inguinale
  • Neisserial infections
  • Pseudonomas infections
  • Plague
  • Chancroid
  • Whooping cough
37
Q

Staphylococcus aureus-

5 causes
3 virulence factors

A

EPOST-

  • Endocarditis
  • Pneumonia
  • OSTEOMYELITIS
  • Skin infections
  • Toxic SHOCK syndrome

SET-

  • Surface proteins for adherence
  • Enzymes
  • Toxins

GROW in CLUSTERS

38
Q

Streptococcal infections-

2 Examples-
3 Virulence factors-

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae- ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA and MENINGITIS

Enterococci- UTI and ENDOCARDITIS

Virulence factors-

  • Capsules which resist PHAGOCYTOSIIS
  • M PROTEINS, which inhibits the alternative pathway of the COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
  • PNEUMOLYSIN- destroys membrane of host cells

GROWS in PAIRS or CLUSTERS

39
Q

Listeriosis

What does it cause?

A

Meningitis in ELDERLY

Meningitis in IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT

40
Q

What does ANTHRAX release?

A

Spores

41
Q

3 facts about NOCARDIA

A
  • Aerobic
  • Branched clusters
  • Respiratory infections with CNS involvement
42
Q

2 facts about Diphtheria

A
  • ROD shaped

- EXOTOXIN causes damage to HEART and NERVES

43
Q

The 2 Gram Negatives that cause ULCERATIVE GENITAL INFECTION

A

Granuloma inguinale (KLEBSIELLA GRANULOMATIS)

Chancroid

44
Q

2 Neisserial infections

A

Meningitis

Gonorrhoea

45
Q

TRANSIENT VIRAL INFECTIONS

A

MR WIMP

Measles
Rhinovirus

West Nile virus
Influenza
Mumps
Polio

46
Q

What causes Measles rash?

A

Hypersensitivity to virus antigen within skin

47
Q

Which virus causes common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

48
Q

What does West Nile virus cause?

A

Meningitis

Encephalitis

  • by invading CNS
  • seen in elderly and immunocompromised
49
Q

What does Mumps cause?

A

inflammation of Parotid glands

sometimes travels to CNS, pancreas and testes

50
Q

Epstein-barr virus

  • Associations
  • Presentation
  • what does it cause?
A

Associations-
- BURKITT’s Lymphoma

Presentation-
- Sore throat and fever

What does it cause?
- INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

51
Q

What is HPV associated with?

A

Cervical cancer

52
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA viruses

A

Advantages-

  • Plasmids are easily manufactured and DO NOT REPLICATE
  • DNA is stable and sequencing may be changes
  • Resists temperature changes so easy to store and transport

Disadvantages-

  • Plasmids could integrate into host genome
  • Immunological tolerance
53
Q

Which vaccinations to avoid in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS and those living in TROPICAL AREAS

A

ATTENUTATED vaccinations-

  • Polio
  • MMR
  • Varicella rotavirus
  • YELLOW FEVER

Medicine (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions