Infectious diseases

Question 1

Types of T lymphocytes

Answer 1

Cytotoxic CD8+ cells

Helper CD4+ cells

Suppressor

Question 2

Plasma B cells

Answer 2

B cells differentiate into plasma cells when they come across antigen

They produce specific antibodies

Question 3

3 Types of Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Answer 3

Mast cells

Dendritic cells (Langerhan’s cells)

Myeloblasts

Question 4

3 things produced by Mast cells when they degranulate

Answer 4

Histamine

—>Heparin

—>Chemotaxic factors

Question 5

5 types of MYELOBLASTS

Answer 5

Basophils

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

Question 6

2 MYELOBLASTS with bilobate nuclei

Answer 6

Basophils

Eosinophils

Question 7

MYELOBLAST with kidney-shaped nucleus

Answer 7

MONOCYTES

Question 8

What activates MACROPHAGES

Answer 8

Gamma Interfons

Question 9

3 facts about IgA

Answer 9

• DIMER when secreted
• Prevents bacteria and viruses from attaching to and colonising mucosal surfaces

—> Found in COLOSTRUM, BREAST MILK, SALIVA, MUCOSAL SURFACES and TEARS

Question 10

What two things does IgD (monomer) activate?

Answer 10

Basophils

Mast cells

Question 11

What does IgE bind to?

Answer 11

• ALLERGENS- cause mast cell degranulation and HISTAMINE RELEASE
• BASOPHILS- results in HISTAMINE RELEASE

Question 12

What does IgE activate?

Answer 12

EOSINOPHILS

Question 13

IgG 4 facts

Answer 13

• ONLY Ab that crosses placenta
• Involved in SECONDARY immune response

—> Largest concentration of immunoglobulin in the blood

—> Fixes COMPLEMENT system

Question 14

Pentamer antibody

Answer 14

IgM

Question 15

3 types of Complement System

Answer 15

• Classical complement pathway- Antibody-antigen complex
• Alternative complement pathway- Spontaneous reaction to microbial surface

—> Lectin complement pathway- LECTIN binds to MANNOSE residues on microbial surface

Question 16

Which complement activates LEUCOCYTES?

Answer 16

C3a

Question 17

Which complements stimulate HISTAMINE release?

Answer 17

C3a and C5a

Question 18

Which complement stimulates ARACHIDONIC ACID PATHWAY?

Answer 18

C5a

Question 19

Hypersensitivity Type 1 (IMMEDIATE)

Answer 19

• IgE involved, via CD4+
• Hayfever/ allergic reaction to wasp sting
• ANAPHYLAXXIS

Question 20

Hypersensitivity Type 2 (CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY)

Answer 20

• Graves’/ Myasthenia gravis/ Rheumatic fever
• ANTIBODY MEDIATED
• IgM, IgG and COMPLEMENT involvement

Question 21

Hypersensitivity Type 3

IMMUNE-COMPLEX PATHWAY

Answer 21

• SLE/ RA
• Immune complex involvement
• IgG and complement involvement

Question 22

Hypersensitivity Type 4 (DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY)

Answer 22

—> Hashimoto’s thyroiditis/ MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

• Cell-mediated
• T cell involvement

Question 23

Signs and Symptoms of SLE

3-itis
3 disorders
muscle and joint
2 Rs

Answer 23

• RASHES- Malar rash/ discoid rash
• RAYNAUD’s phenomenon
• MYLAGIA
• Arthritis
• CNS disorders- EPILEPSY/ HEADACHE
• Haemotological disorders- HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA
• Immunological disorders
• NEPHRITIS
• PERICARDITIS
• PLEURITIS
• Oral ulcers
• Photosensitivity

Question 24

Investigations in SLE

Answer 24

• LFTs and TFTs
• GFR
• PULMONARY functions test
• dsDNA and ANA

—> Lungs, Thyroid and Liver, Kidney, GENES

Question 25

Criteria for diagnosing SLE

Answer 25

I AM PORN HSD

Immunological disorder

ANA positive
Malar rash

Photosensitivity
ORAL ULCERS
Renal disorder
NON-EROSIVE arthritis, Neurological disorder

HAEMOTOLOGICAL disorder
SEROSITIS
Discoid rash

Question 26

Treatment for SLE

Answer 26

Sun protection

ANALGESIA- NSAIDs

Steroid therapy

• –> Immunosuppressants-
• AZATHIOPRINE
• CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE
• –> Monoclonal antibodies-
• RITUXIMAB

Question 27

Complications of SLE

Answer 27

—> SALOM

Increased risk of-

• Stroke
• Atherosclerosis
• Lupus NEPHRITIS
• Other autoimmune conditions
• MIs