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Embryology > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What is chromosomal sex?

A

Chromosomes of correct complement

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2
Q

What is gonadal sex?

A

Functional testis or ovaries containing germ cells

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3
Q

What is phenotypic sex?

A

Possessing the correct internal and external anatomical male or female genitalia

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4
Q

What is behavioral sex?

A

Demonstrating appropriate sexual behaviour patterns

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5
Q

What leads to the male phenotype?

A

Presence of a functional Y chromosome

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6
Q

What about the Y chromosome makes someone male?

A

SRY (sex determining region of the Y chromosome)

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7
Q

Is it always the case that chromosomal sex will give rise to correct gonadal sex?

A

No

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8
Q

What part of mesoderm do the gonads develop from?

A

Intermediate in region of mesonephros

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9
Q

What do gonads initially develop as?

A

A gonadal ridge

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10
Q

What differences between sexes are there when the gonadal ridge first develops?

A

None

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11
Q

Which gene is only switched on in males?

A

SRY

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12
Q

What does the gonadal ridge mesoderm first differentiate into in males?

A

Coelomic epithelium (mesoderm) covers ridge and forms somatic support cells which then forms Sertoli cells

Sertoli cells lead to differentiation of a testis (AMF and testosterone due to SRY) with testis tubule and interstitial cell formation.

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13
Q

What does the gonadal ridge mesoderm (coelomic epithelium) first differentiate into in females?

A

Granulosa cells which surround the oocytes.

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14
Q

What happens to gonadal ridge in 5th week?

A

Descends into abdomen and reaches it’s final position in 7th week before differentiating

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15
Q

What genes are needed for testis formation?

A

Sox9 of SRY

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16
Q

Where do the germ cells develop?

A

In the embryonic epiblast

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17
Q

Where do the primordial germ cells migrate to?

A

To gonadal ridge via yolk sac and hind gut

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18
Q

Describe how testis develop

A

Primitive germ cells concentrate in medulla (cortex regresses)

Medullary cords develop and contain spermatogonia and Sertoli cells

Leydig cells make testosterone

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19
Q

Describe how ovaries develop

A

No SRY - Primitive germ cells (oogonia) concentrate in cortex, medulla degenerates

Cortex form cortical cords through surface epithelium and primitive sex cords degenerate

Cortical cells differentiate as follicular cells and oogonia proliferate before arresting in prophase

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20
Q

What are primitive sex cords?

A

Structures that develop from the gonadal ridges, in response to germ cells

21
Q

What happens to sex cords in female?

A

Germ cells send signals to promote differentiation of epithelial cells in gonadal ridge to granulosa cells

Sex cords dissociate so primitive germ cells are in nests (primordial follicles)

Primitive follicles develop but undergo atresia until puberty

22
Q

What happens to testis cords (sex cords)?

A

Composed of primitive germ cells and Sertoli cells

Forming primitive seminiferous tubules connected to rete testis

Leydig cells differentiate between cords (mesenchyme) (week 7)

23
Q

What do the two ducts originate from?

A

Paramesonephric (Müllerian) duct

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct

24
Q

Which duct is retained in females?

A

Mullerian

25
Q

Which duct is retained in males?

A

Wolffian

26
Q

What happens to the Mullerian duct in females?

A

Cranially become fallopian tube
Caudally: draws broad ligament across pelvis

Other structures from Mullerian duct are oviducts, uterus and cervix

27
Q

What happens to the Wolffian duct in males?

A

Contacts rete testis

Form the epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles

28
Q

Where does the prostate develop from?

A

Urogenital sinus

29
Q

What hormone is needed to stimulate development of male external genitalia, how is it formed?

A

5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5alpha-reductase.

30
Q

Why is 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) used over testosterone?

A

It is more active

31
Q

What is the indifferent stage of the tubes at week 7?

A

2 ductile system:
Wolffian duct
Mullerian duct

32
Q

Which duct drains to enter the bladder?

A

Wolffian

33
Q

Why does the Mullerian duct not drain into the bladder?

A

It is fused caudally

34
Q

What hormones in males drive the degredation of Mullerian duct and growth of Wolffian duct?

A

MIF/AMH (anti-mullerian hormone) and MIS secreted by Sertoli cells - Mullerian duct degenerate

Testosterone from Leydig cells stimulates growth and differentiation of Wolffian ducts (into epipdymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicles)

35
Q

Why does the Wolffian duct degenerate in females?

A

No testosterone

36
Q

Describe arrangement of external genatalia in indifferent stage

A

Genital gubercle divides into genital/urethral folds flanking urogenital sinus all surrounded by genital swelling

Urethral groove present

37
Q

When does external genitalia first begin to differentiate and develop?

A

Week 9

38
Q

How does masculine genitalia differentiate?

A

Genital tubercle - phallus -penis

Urethral folds close urogenital sinus

Genital swellings become scrotal swellings
Prostate develops

39
Q

How does penile urethra form?

A

Fusion of urethral folds and canalisation of glands at tip of tubercle

40
Q

Describe how female external genitalia form?

A 
Genital tubercle - clitoris
Urethral folds - labia minora
Urogenital sinus - remains open
Genital swellings - major labora
Urethral groove remains open between labia minora
41
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in females?

A

From ovary to labora majora, forms round ligament attaching uterus to anterior abdominal wall

42
Q

What is the cortex and medulla of the genital ridge?

A

Cortex - edge

Medulla - centre

43
Q

In males what separates the developing seminiferous tubules from surface epithelium?

A

Tunica albuginea

44
Q

In females does anything separate the follicles from germinal epithelium?

A

No

45
Q

Where are granulosa cells derived from?

A

Are derived from mesodermal cells of the gonadal ridge

46
Q

What are sertoli cells generated from?

A

Coelomic epithelium forms somatic support cells which then form Sertoli/ follicular cells

47
Q

What does the endometrium derived from?

A

Paramesonephric duct

48
Q

How do XY individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome develop?

A

Like a female

Embryology (10 decks)

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