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Embryology > Kidney and urogenital > Flashcards

Kidney and urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

What mesoderm does the urogenital system originate from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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2
Q

How many kidney systems develop in the embryo?

A

3

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3
Q

What are the names of the three primitive kidney systems rostral to caudal?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

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4
Q

How permanent are each of the primitive kidney systems?

A

Pronephros - transient and non-functional
Mesonephros - may function for a short time then regresses
Metanephros - forms the permanent kidney

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5
Q

Interactions between which two primitive structures initiates the development of the kidney?

A

Uretic bud and metanephric mesenchyme

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6
Q

What type of interaction is displayed between the uterer bud and the metanephric mesenchyme?

A

Reciprocal inductive interactions

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7
Q

What does the uretic bud induce the mesenchyme to do?

A

Mesenchymal to epithelia transformation

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8
Q

What does the mesenchyme induce the uretic bud to do?

A

Branching morphogenesis

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9
Q

Why do we need to develop kidneys?

A

Removing toxic nitrogenous waste while conserving water.

Ammonia alone is extremely toxic so needs lots of water to dispose of.

Urea is less toxic so allows conservation of water, but requires specialised structures and physiology to produce it and remove it.

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10
Q

What week does the pronephros first develop?

A

Early 4th week

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11
Q

What spinal region does the pronephros initially arise in?

A

Cervical

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12
Q

By what time have the pronephros fully regressed?

A

The end of the 4th week

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13
Q

What week does the mesonephros first develop?

A

The end of the 4th week

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14
Q

What spinal region does the mesonephros initially arise in?

A

Upper thoracic to upper lumbar (T1-L2/3)

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15
Q

How many nephron pairs form on the mesonephros in total?

A

30

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16
Q

In the mesonephros: As caudal nodes develop what happens to rostral nodes?

A

The degenerate

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17
Q

By what week have the majority of the mesonephric nodes dissapeared?

A

The end of the 8th week

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18
Q

Does any mesonephros remain in the adult female? If yes, where?

A

No

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19
Q

Does any mesonephros remain in the adult male? If yes, where?

A

In males few caudal tubes and mesonephric duct persist as genital duct.

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20
Q

When is the mesonephros functional and why does it need to be?

A

End of the 4th week till regression in the 8th week.

While metanephros is developing

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21
Q

What time does the metanephros begin to develop?

A

The end of the 4th week

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22
Q

What ‘forms’ the metanephros?

A

Epithelial-mesenchymal tissue interaction between ureteric bud and the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme

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23
Q

What is the uretic bud?

A

A diverticulum/outgrowth from mesonephric duct close to cloaca

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24
Q

What is the progression of branching morphogenesis of the uretic bud?

A

Bud dilates and bifurcates, forming the renal pelvis.

Branches coalesce into major calyces.

Further branches form, enlarge and merge to form the minor calyces

Collecting tubules are formed by further branching, they converge on the minor major calyx forming the renal pyramid.

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25
Q

How many generations of bifurcation before the branches form major calyces?

A

4

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26
Q

What generation of bifurcation forms the collecting tubules?

A

5-6th

27
Q

What forms the renal pyramid?

A

Collecting tubules converging with minor calyx

28
Q

What name describes the tip of each collecting duct?

A

Ampullae

29
Q

What describes the mesenchyme directly proximal to the ampullae?

A

Tissue caps

30
Q

What does the collecting duct induce the tissue caps to form?

A

Small vesicles

31
Q

What do the initial small renal vesicles give rise to?

A

S-shaped tubules

32
Q

Where does the distal end of the tubule bind?

A

Fuses with the collecting duct

33
Q

What associates with the proximal end of the tubule?

A

Capillaries which grow into the pocket, form the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

34
Q

What does the WNT1 transcription factor induce?

A

Branching morphogenesis

Causes tissue to respond to the induction of the uretic bud

35
Q

What does WNT1 regulate production of?

A

GNDF (stimulates branching)

36
Q

What is Wilm’s Tumour caused by?

A

Mutation in the WNT1 gene

37
Q

What are the effects of Wilm’s Tumour?

A

Kidney cancer in children

38
Q

In what weeks does the metanephric kidney ascend?

A

6th-9th

39
Q

Where does the metanephric kidney move in development?

A

Ascends to lumbar region (L1/2)

40
Q

What mainly drives kidney ascent?

A

Differential growth, embryo lengthens but kidneys stay in place

41
Q

As the kidney ascends does its blood supply stay the same? If not, how does it change?

A

No, changes to higher segmental arteries

42
Q

What divides the cloaca into two?

A

Urorectal septum

43
Q

What two holes does the cloaca divide into?

A

Urogenital sinus and the anal canal

44
Q

What does the tip of the urorectal septum become?

A

The perineal body

45
Q

What does the bladder form from?

A

The allantois and urogenital sinus

46
Q

What is the allantois?

A

Outgrowth from the hindgut

47
Q

What forms the bladder?

A

Superior part of the urogenital sinus continuous with the allantois

48
Q

What connects the bladder with the umbilicus?

A

Urachus

49
Q

What does the urachus form in the adult?

A

Medial umbillical ligament

50
Q

What gives rise to the urethras?

A

The pelvic part of the urogenital sinus

51
Q

Which parts of the male urethra develop from the pelvic urogenital sinus?

A

Prostatic and membranous

52
Q

What part of the urogenital sinus forms the penile urethra?

A

Phallic

53
Q

What does the pelvis urogenital sinus form in females?

A

Membranous urethra

54
Q

Why do the ureters enter the bladder separately?

A

Mesonephric ducts are absorbed by the bladder

55
Q

What forms the mesodermal trigone?

A

Mesonephric ducts merging with the bladder (uretic orifices)

56
Q

Initially what germ layer forms the trigone?

A

Mesoderm

57
Q

Over time how does the trigone change?

A

Mesodermal lining changed with endodermal epithelium

58
Q

How is the trigone distinct?

A

Mesoderm while rest of the bladder is endoderm

59
Q

How is the trigone different in males?

A

More prominent as the mesonephric ducts regress less

60
Q

What ‘spinal’ region does the pronephros form in?

A

Cervical

61
Q

The trigone is formed by…

A

Incorporation of the distal ends of the mesonephric ducts

62
Q

What does the allantois form?

A

The apex of the bladder and the urachus

63
Q

What does uretic bud form?

A

Renal pelvis, calyces, collecting ducts

64
Q

What forms the ureter?

A

Ureteric bud

Embryology (10 decks)

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