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DEMS III > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Which two sex hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

FSH and LH

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2
Q

What are the 3 major categories of sex steroids?

A

Progestins, androgens, and estrogens

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3
Q

Various sex steroids are produced in which extra-gonadal tissues?

A

Placenta, dermis, adrenal glands, and adipose tissue

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4
Q

What are the major classes of steroid hormones?

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex steroids

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5
Q

What is the precursor of sex steroids?

A

Cholesterol

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6
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

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7
Q

What is an example of a mineralocorticoid?

A

Aldosterone

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8
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzymatic step of steroid hormone formation from cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol (27 C) -> Pregnenolone (21 C) catalyzed by 20,22 desmolase

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9
Q

Progestins are precursors for the production of what?

A

Aldosterone and cortisol by the adrenal gland

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10
Q

Which three tissues do progestins affect the most?

A

Breast, uterus, and ovaries

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11
Q

What is progesterone’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

A

Key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

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12
Q

What is the minor source of androgens?

A

Adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Which ovarian cells produce estradiol?

A

Granulosa cells

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14
Q

Which enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)?

A

5-alpha-reductase

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15
Q

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone?

A

Growth and development of the internal and external genitalia, the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, spermatogenesis, and sexual fantasies and libido.

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16
Q

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

A

Growth-promoting effects on somatic tissues such as bone and muscle.

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17
Q

What is testosterone’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

A

Testosterone acts as a key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

18
Q

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion from androgens to estrogens?

A

Aromatase

19
Q

What are the three estrogens?

A

Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2 - most potent), and estriol (E3)

20
Q

Which male cells produce estradiol?

A

Sertoli cells of the testes

21
Q

Where is estrone (E1) produced?

A

Adipose tissue

22
Q

Where is estriol (E3) produced?

A

Placenta

23
Q

What is estradiol’s role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis?

A

Key feedback inhibitor at the levels of the hypothalamus and pituitary

24
Q

In ovulatory females, when are levels of LH and FSH highest?

A

Shortly before ovulation

25
Q

Where does inhibin exert its negative feedback control?

A

Pituitary

26
Q

Which cells produce androgens in males?

A

Leydig cells

27
Q

What do sertoli cells produce?

A

Androgen-binding protein, estrogens, and spermatogenesis

28
Q

Which ovarian cells produce progestins?

A

Theca cells and granulosa cells

29
Q

LH acts on which cells?

A

Theca cells and Leydig cells

30
Q

FSH acts on which cells?

A

Granulosa cells and Sertoli cells

31
Q

Where exactly are Leydig cells located?

A

Interstitial layer surrounding the seminiferous tubules

32
Q

Where are theca and granulosa cells located?

A

Ovarian cortex

33
Q

What are the two ways in which LH stimulates the rate-limiting conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone?

A

By increasing the amount of desmolase and by enhancing the affinity of desmolase for cholesterol

34
Q

What are the effects of FSH binding to Sertoli cells?

A

Increased production of androgen binding protein, enhanced conversion of testosterone from the Leydig cells into estradiol, and the production of inhibin

35
Q

Where exactly are theca cells located?

A

In the ovarian stroma surrounding the follicles

36
Q

How many carbons do progestins contain?

A

21

37
Q

How many carbons do androgens contain?

A

19

38
Q

How many carbons do estrogens contain?

A

18

39
Q

Where is estradiol (E2) produced)?

A

Ovaries

40
Q

Does ovarian estradiol exert a positive or negative feedback on the pituitary gland which secretes FSH/LH

A

Positive

DEMS III (7 decks)

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