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DEMS III > Etc > Flashcards

Etc Flashcards

1
Q

What is the indication for taking fish oil/omega 3 supplement?

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fish oil/omega 3?

A

Decrease in hepatic secretion of VLDL-C, increase VLDL-C clearance, reduces TG transport.

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3
Q

What pathways do omega-3 fatty acids compete with?

A

Compete with arachidonic acid in the cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways

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4
Q

What are the drug interactions of fish oil?

A

Antihypertensives, contraceptives, and orlistat

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5
Q

What are the herb interactions of fish oil?

A

The Gs: Garlic, ginger, ginkgo, and ginseng

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6
Q

What are the indications for niacin?

A

Dyslipidemia

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7
Q

What are the effects of niacin supplement?

A

Decrease LDL and TG, increase HDL

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8
Q

What are some major side effects of niacin?

A

Flushing, GI effects, increase blood glucose and uric acid (contraindicated in gout)

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9
Q

What is the MOA of plant sterols?

A

Inhibits about 50% intestinal absorption of cholesterol

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10
Q

What is the MOA of plant stanols?

A

Inhibits dietary and biliary cholesterol

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11
Q

What are the effects of plant sterols?

A

Lowers TC and LDL-C, no effect on HDL

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12
Q

What are the effects of plant stanols?

A

Lowers LDL-C

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13
Q

What are the side effects of plant sterols?

A

GI effects

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14
Q

What are the side effects of plant stanols?

A

Diarrhea and steatorrhea

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15
Q

What are the drug interactions of plant sterols and stanols?

A

Beta carotene and VitE, Zetia

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16
Q

Which are more effective: plant sterols or stanols?

A

Equally effective

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17
Q

What is the efficacy of Ephedra?

A

Weight loss of 0.9 kg/month up to 6 months with

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18
Q

What are the adverse reactions of Ephedra?

A

Dizziness, anxiety, dry mouth, tachycardia, HTN, seizures, cardiomyopathy, MI, arrhythmia, and sudden death.

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19
Q

What is the MOA of bitter orange?

A

Contains 6% of synephrine (related to ephedrine)

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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of bitter orange?

A

Same as Ephedra

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21
Q

What is the efficacy of taking in more Ca in the diet?

A

Weight loss

22
Q

What are the drug interactions of orlistat?

A

Anticoagulants, amiodarone, levothyroxine, and vitamins (absorption).

23
Q

Which organ can orlistat damage?

A

Liver

24
Q

Which types of patients take chromium supplements?

A

Diabetes patients

25
Q

What is the MOA of chromium?

A

Might reduce oxidative stress. Reduces HbA1C.

26
Q

What are the adverse reactions of chromium?

A

HA, insomnia, irritability, mood changes, sleep disturbances, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage

27
Q

What is the MOA of vanadium?

A

Activates insulin R proteins, stimulates glucose oxidation and transport. Stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver. Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue. Promotes glucose uptake in skeletal muscle.

28
Q

What are the adverse reactions of vanadium?

A

GI upset, kidney toxicity, fatigue, lethargy and tongue discoloration.

29
Q

What are the indications for garlic supplements?

A

Hypertension and dyslipidemia

30
Q

What is the MOA of garlic?

A

Allicin is the active ingredient. Inhibits hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Activates production of endothelium-derived relaxation factor to relax SM and vasodilate.

31
Q

What are the indications for coenzyme Q-10?

A

CHF and prevention of statin-induced myopathy

32
Q

What is the MOA of coenzyme Q-10?

A

Antioxidant properties to stop damage and give energy to cells. Cofactor in metabolic pathways.

33
Q

What is the major drug interaction of coenzyme Q-10?

A

Anticoagulants (increased risk for bleeding)

34
Q

What is the major lab interaction of coenzyme Q-10?

A

Increased T4/T8 ratio in normal patients

35
Q

What are the disease interactions of coenzyme Q-10?

A

May lower BP, cigarette smoking may deplete body stores

36
Q

How do you determine the mid-parental height for a boy?

A

[mother’s height (+5in or 13cm) + father’s height] / 2

37
Q

How do you determine the mid-parental height for a girl?

A

[father’s height (-5in or 13cm) + mother’s height] / 2

38
Q

Define constitutional growth delay

A

aka “late bloomers.” Growth deceleration during first 2 years of life followed by normal growth paralleling lower percentile curve. Delayed skeletal maturation.

39
Q

Define familial short stature

A

North growth velocity and height that are within normal limits for parent’s heights

40
Q

Define failure to thrive

A

Infants or young children (

41
Q

Define nutritional growth retardation

A

Same as FTT but in those > 3 YO

42
Q

How can stimulant medications lead to nutritional growth retardation?

A

Decrease in appetite

43
Q

Define children born small for gestational age

A

Less than - 2SD for birth weight or length

44
Q

What percentage of children who are small for gestational age remain short as adults?

A

10%

45
Q

When is it best to do the newborn screening?

A

3-5 days of life

46
Q

If T3 uptake and T4 are in the same direction, what does this indicate?

A

Thyroid disease - Low uptake and low T4 is hypothyroidism

47
Q

If T3 uptake and T4 are in opposite directions, what does this indicate?

A

d

48
Q

What is the pathophysiology of osteomalacia and rickets?

A

The calcium phosphate product is not adequate to mineralize the osteoid that is formed in bone

49
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

An idiopathic bone condition characterized by excessive/unregulated bone resorption and formation.

50
Q

What are the CV clinical features associated with Paget’s disease?

A

Atherosclerosis, aortic stenosis, and CHF

51
Q

What are osteoclastic lab markers?

A

NTX/CTX

DEMS III (7 decks)

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