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Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Default Female Development:

A

All embryos start as female.
SRY gene (Sex-Determining Region of Y Chromosome): Triggers male development by forming testes.

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2
Q

Homologous Structures

A

Labia majora ↔ Scrotum.
Clitoris ↔ Penis.

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3
Q

Path of Sperm:

A

Testes → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra → Penis.

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4
Q

Testes

A

Structure: Tunica vaginalis (serous sac), tunica albuginea (fibrous capsule), lobules with seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production).
Cells:
Leydig Cells: Respond to LH; produce testosterone.
Sertoli Cells: Respond to FSH; support sperm development.

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5
Q

Scrotum

A

Temperature Regulation:
Dartos Muscle: Wrinkles scrotal skin.
Cremaster Muscle: Raises or lowers testes

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6
Q

Spermatic Cord

A

contains vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus (cools arterial blood), nerves, and lymphatics.

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7
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

~60% of semen; contains fructose (nourishes sperm) and prostaglandins (stimulate uterine contractions).

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8
Q

Prostate Gland

A

~25-30% of semen; enhances sperm motility and liquefies semen.

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9
Q

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Secretes mucus to neutralize urethra’s acidity before ejaculation.

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10
Q

Penis

A

Corpus Spongiosum: Surrounds urethra.
Corpora Cavernosa: Main erectile tissue.
Functions: Delivers sperm, eliminates urine.

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11
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of sperm in seminiferous tubules.

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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process:
Spermatogonia (Diploid, 2n): Undergo mitosis.
Primary Spermatocyte: Enters meiosis I.
Secondary Spermatocytes (Haploid, n): Undergo meiosis II.
Spermatids: Mature through spermiogenesis into spermatozoa.

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13
Q

Sperm Structure:

A

Head: Contains nucleus and acrosome (enzymes to penetrate egg).
Midpiece: Packed with mitochondria (energy for swimming).
Tail: Propels sperm.

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14
Q

Path of Egg

A

Ovary → Uterine Tube → Uterus → Vagina.

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15
Q

Ovaries:

A

Structure: Outer cortex (houses follicles), inner medulla (blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics).
Follicular Development:
Primordial Follicle → 2. Primary Follicle → 3. Secondary Follicle → 4. Graafian Follicle → 5. Ovulation → Corpus Luteum (secretes progesterone).

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16
Q

Uterine Tubes (Fallopian Tubes)

A

Sections: Fimbriae → Infundibulum → Ampulla (site of fertilization) → Isthmus.
Lined with ciliated columnar epithelium for egg transport.

17
Q

Uterus

A

Wall Layers:
Perimetrium: Outer layer.
Myometrium: Smooth muscle for contractions.
Endometrium: Inner mucosal lining with two layers:
Stratum Functionalis: Shed during menstruation.
Stratum Basalis: Regenerates the functional layer.

18
Q

Vagina

A

Layers: Mucosa (stratified squamous), muscularis, adventitia.
Functions: Receives sperm, serves as the birth canal.

19
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of eggs in ovaries.

20
Q

Oogenesis process

A

Oogonia: Stem cells (diploid, 2n); divide by mitosis during fetal development.
Primary Oocyte: Arrested in meiosis I until puberty.
Secondary Oocyte: Released during ovulation; arrested in meiosis II until fertilization.
Mature Ovum: Forms only after fertilization.

21
Q

Polar Bodies

A

Byproducts of meiosis; degenerate.

22
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

Follicular Phase (Days 1–14): Follicles grow; FSH stimulates estrogen production.
Ovulation (Day 15): Triggered by an LH surge.
Luteal Phase (Days 15–28): Corpus luteum secretes progesterone.

23
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

Menstrual Phase (Days 1–5): Shedding of stratum functionalis.
Proliferative Phase (Days 6–14): Rebuilding of endometrium.
Secretory Phase (Days 15–28): Endometrium prepares for implantation.

24
Q

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A

Males: Stimulates Sertoli cells for sperm production.
Females: Stimulates follicular growth.

25
Q

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A

Males: Stimulates Leydig cells for testosterone production.
Females: Triggers ovulation.

26
Q

Estrogen

A

Maintains female secondary sex characteristics; thickens endometrium.

27
Q

Progesterone

A

: Prepares uterus for implantation.

28
Q

hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

A

Maintains corpus luteum during early pregnancy.

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