Digestive

Question 1

Ingestion

Answer 1

The process of taking in food and liquids through the mouth.

Question 2

Propulsion

Answer 2

The movement of food through the alimentary canal

Question 3

Peristalsis

Answer 3

Involuntary waves of smooth muscle contractions.

Question 4

Segmentation

Answer 4

Rhythmic local contractions in the small intestine that mix food.

Question 5

Mechanical Digestion

Answer 5

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

Question 6

Chemical Digestion

Answer 6

enzymatic breakdown of macronutrients.
Example: Amylase in saliva breaking down starch.

Question 7

Absorption

Answer 7

Nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, glucose) and water move into the blood or lymph.
Location: Small intestine (primary site).

Question 8

Defecation

Answer 8

Elimination of indigestible substances and waste through the anus as feces.

Question 9

Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

Answer 9

continuous tube running through the body.
Includes: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal.

Question 10

Accessory Organs

Answer 10

Organs that aid in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.
Includes: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

Question 11

What is the digestive process

Answer 11

Ingestion
propulsion
Peristalsis
segmentation
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation

Question 12

stomach functions

Answer 12

Mechanical Digestion: Churning of food by three muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique).
Chemical Digestion: Initiates protein digestion with pepsin (activated from pepsinogen by HCl).
Converts food into a liquid form called chyme.

Question 13

Stomach secretions

Answer 13

Mucous Cells
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Enteroendocrine Cells

Question 14

Mucous Cells

Answer 14

Protect stomach lining with mucus.

Question 15

Parietal Cells

Answer 15

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (needed for vitamin B12 absorption).

Question 16

Chief Cells

Answer 16

secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin).

Question 17

Enteroendocrine Cells

Answer 17

Secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric activity.

Question 18

Stomach Absorption

Answer 18

Limited to alcohol, water, aspirin.

Question 19

Small intestine function

Answer 19

The main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Receives bile (from liver/gallbladder) and digestive enzymes (from pancreas).

Question 20

Circular Folds

Answer 20

Slow down chyme and increase surface area.

Question 21

Villi

Answer 21

Finger-like projections of the mucosa containing blood vessels and lacteals (absorb fats).

Question 22

Microvilli

Answer 22

Tiny projections on villi for additional surface area and enzymatic digestion.

Question 23

Adaptions of small intestine used for absorption

Answer 23

Circular folds
Villi
Microvillli

Question 24

Adaptions used for secretion

Answer 24

Brunner’s gland
intestinal crypts

Question 25

Brunner’s Glands (duodenum)

Answer 25

Produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to neutralize stomach acid.

Question 26

Intestinal Crypts

Answer 26

Secrete intestinal juice for further digestion.

Question 27

Liver functions

Answer 27

Produces bile: Emulsifies fats for digestion. Stores vitamins and glycogen. Detoxifies harmful substances. Synthesizes blood proteins (e.g., albumin, fibrinogen).

Question 28

Gallbladder functions

Answer 28

Stores and concentrates bile. Releases bile into the small intestine via the common bile duct during digestion.

Question 29

Cystic Duct

Answer 29

Connects gallbladder to the common bile duct.

Question 30

Hepatic Ducts

Answer 30

Bring bile from the liver.

Question 31

Pancreas functions (exocrine)

Answer 31

Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease). Enzymes are secreted in inactive forms (zymogens) to prevent self-digestion. Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize chyme.

Question 32

Pancreas endocrine functions

Answer 32

Insulin (β-cells): Lowers blood sugar. Glucagon (α-cells): Raises blood sugar.

Question 33

Large intestine functions

Answer 33

Absorbs water and electrolytes. Houses gut bacteria for fermentation. Forms and stores feces.

Question 34

Haustra

Answer 34

Pouches formed by smooth muscle.

Question 35

Teniae Coli

Answer 35

Longitudinal muscle bands.

Question 36

Epiploic Appendages

Answer 36

Fat-filled sacs.

Question 37

Gastrin

Answer 37

Secreted by: Stomach. Target: Stomach. Function: Stimulates gastric acid secretion.

Question 38

Secretin

Answer 38

Secreted by: Duodenum. Target: Pancreas. Function: Stimulates bicarbonate secretion.

Question 39

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 39

Secreted by: Duodenum. Targets: Gallbladder and pancreas. Function: Stimulates bile and enzyme release.

Question 40

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Answer 40

Secreted by: Duodenum. Target: Stomach. Function: Inhibits gastric activity to slow digestion.

Question 41

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

Answer 41

Independent nervous system of the GI tract. Myenteric Plexus: Controls GI motility. Submucosal Plexus: Controls secretion and local blood flow.