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h > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

Ingestion

A

The process of taking in food and liquids through the mouth.

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2
Q

Propulsion

A

The movement of food through the alimentary canal

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3
Q

Peristalsis

A

Involuntary waves of smooth muscle contractions.

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4
Q

Segmentation

A

Rhythmic local contractions in the small intestine that mix food.

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5
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

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6
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

enzymatic breakdown of macronutrients.
Example: Amylase in saliva breaking down starch.

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7
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, glucose) and water move into the blood or lymph.
Location: Small intestine (primary site).

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8
Q

Defecation

A

Elimination of indigestible substances and waste through the anus as feces.

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9
Q

Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

A

continuous tube running through the body.
Includes: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal.

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10
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Organs that aid in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.
Includes: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.

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11
Q

What is the digestive process

A

Ingestion
propulsion
Peristalsis
segmentation
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation

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12
Q

stomach functions

A

Mechanical Digestion: Churning of food by three muscle layers (longitudinal, circular, oblique).
Chemical Digestion: Initiates protein digestion with pepsin (activated from pepsinogen by HCl).
Converts food into a liquid form called chyme.

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13
Q

Stomach secretions

A

Mucous Cells
Parietal Cells
Chief Cells
Enteroendocrine Cells

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14
Q

Mucous Cells

A

Protect stomach lining with mucus.

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15
Q

Parietal Cells

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (needed for vitamin B12 absorption).

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16
Q

Chief Cells

A

secrete pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin).

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17
Q

Enteroendocrine Cells

A

Secrete gastrin, a hormone that stimulates gastric activity.

18
Q

Stomach Absorption

A

Limited to alcohol, water, aspirin.

19
Q

Small intestine function

A

The main site for digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Receives bile (from liver/gallbladder) and digestive enzymes (from pancreas).

20
Q

Circular Folds

A

Slow down chyme and increase surface area.

21
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of the mucosa containing blood vessels and lacteals (absorb fats).

22
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections on villi for additional surface area and enzymatic digestion.

23
Q

Adaptions of small intestine used for absorption

A

Circular folds
Villi
Microvillli

24
Q

Adaptions used for secretion

A

Brunner’s gland
intestinal crypts

25
Q

Brunner’s Glands (duodenum)

A

Produce bicarbonate-rich mucus to neutralize stomach acid.

26
Q

Intestinal Crypts

A

Secrete intestinal juice for further digestion.

27
Q

Liver functions

A

Produces bile: Emulsifies fats for digestion.
Stores vitamins and glycogen.
Detoxifies harmful substances.
Synthesizes blood proteins (e.g., albumin, fibrinogen).

28
Q

Gallbladder functions

A

Stores and concentrates bile.
Releases bile into the small intestine via the common bile duct during digestion.

29
Q

Cystic Duct

A

Connects gallbladder to the common bile duct.

30
Q

Hepatic Ducts

A

Bring bile from the liver.

31
Q

Pancreas functions (exocrine)

A

Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease).
Enzymes are secreted in inactive forms (zymogens) to prevent self-digestion.
Secretes bicarbonate to neutralize chyme.

32
Q

Pancreas endocrine functions

A

Insulin (β-cells): Lowers blood sugar.
Glucagon (α-cells): Raises blood sugar.

33
Q

Large intestine functions

A

Absorbs water and electrolytes.
Houses gut bacteria for fermentation.
Forms and stores feces.

34
Q

Haustra

A

Pouches formed by smooth muscle.

35
Q

Teniae Coli

A

Longitudinal muscle bands.

36
Q

Epiploic Appendages

A

Fat-filled sacs.

37
Q

Gastrin

A

Secreted by: Stomach.
Target: Stomach.
Function: Stimulates gastric acid secretion.

38
Q

Secretin

A

Secreted by: Duodenum.
Target: Pancreas.
Function: Stimulates bicarbonate secretion.

39
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Secreted by: Duodenum.
Targets: Gallbladder and pancreas.
Function: Stimulates bile and enzyme release.

40
Q

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

A

Secreted by: Duodenum.
Target: Stomach.
Function: Inhibits gastric activity to slow digestion.

41
Q

Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

A

Independent nervous system of the GI tract.
Myenteric Plexus: Controls GI motility.
Submucosal Plexus: Controls secretion and local blood flow.

42
Q
A

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