Copy of Copy of Ch. 23 The Digestive System F14.pptx Flashcards
What are the main digestive processes?
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.
Define ingestion in the digestive system.
Ingestion refers to the intake of food and liquids.
What is propulsion in the digestive system?
Propulsion is the movement of food through the digestive tract.
What is peristalsis?
Peristalsis is the wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that move substances through the digestive tract.
What is mechanical digestion?
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as chewing.
What is chemical digestion?
Chemical digestion involves digestive enzymes that assist in breaking down food for absorption.
What is absorption in the digestive system?
Absorption is the process of taking nutrients and water into the cells for proper nutrition.
What is defecation?
Defecation is the elimination of waste from the body.
What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system?
The alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.
List the organs of the alimentary canal.
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal.
What are the accessory digestive organs?
Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.
What are the layers of the alimentary canal wall?
Epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, submucosal nerve plexus, circular muscle, myenteric nerve plexus, longitudinal muscle, and serosa/adventitia.
What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus?
The myenteric nerve plexus controls GI motility and influences smooth muscle contraction.
What is the peritoneum?
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
What is the difference between visceral and parietal peritoneum?
Visceral peritoneum surrounds digestive organs, while parietal peritoneum lines the body wall.
What is the mesentery?
The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that holds digestive organs in place and provides a route for blood vessels and nerves.
What are retroperitoneal organs?
Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the peritoneum, such as the kidneys.
What is the function of the salivary glands?
Salivary glands produce saliva, which moistens the mouth and begins digestion of food.
What are the three types of salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
What is the role of the epiglottis?
The epiglottis protects the larynx from food entry.
What is the structure of the esophagus?
The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
What is GERD?
GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.
What are the main regions of the stomach?
Cardia, fundus, pylorus, and body.
What is the function of gastric pits and glands?
Gastric pits and glands secrete substances like mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen to aid digestion.
What is the primary function of the small intestine?
The small intestine is the site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption.
What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
What are villi?
Villi are finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption.
What is the function of the pancreas?
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.
What is pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which can lead to abnormal digestion.
What is the role of the liver in digestion?
The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats, and performs various metabolic functions.
What are the main components of bile?
Bile contains minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and bile salts.
What is the main problem associated with duodenal ulcers?
The main problem is exposure to increased amounts of acid and pepsin.
What are the primary functions of the liver?
Bile production, emulsification of fats, storage of vitamins, processing of fats and amino acids, detoxification from poisons and drugs, and making blood proteins.
What is the apex of the liver’s location?
The apex lies at the level of the nipple.
What is the porta hepatis?
The porta hepatis is where major vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver.
What does the hepatic artery do?
The hepatic artery (right and left) brings blood to the liver.
What is the function of bile salts?
Bile salts keep cholesterol dissolved in bile.
What is the structure of the liver’s gross anatomy?
The liver has right and left lobes, separated by the falciform ligament, and includes the quadrate and caudate lobes.
What are the components of the liver lobule?
The lobule is the size of a sesame seed and has a hexagonal shape, containing a portal triad of vessels.
What is the role of the gallbladder?
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile.
How does the gallbladder regulate contraction?
Regulation of contraction is from the small intestine via enteroendocrine cells secreting cholecystokinin.
What can lead to gallstones?
Too much cholesterol or bile salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol, which can plug the cystic duct.
What are the main functions of the large intestine?
The main functions are to absorb water and electrolytes and to force feces toward the rectum.
What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
The large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, vermiform appendix, and colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid).
What are teniae coli?
Teniae coli are longitudinal strips of smooth muscle that cause puckering of the large intestine.
What is the anal canal’s length?
The anal canal is 3 cm long.
What is the pectinate line?
The pectinate line is below the anal valves and is sensitive to pain (somatic afferent).
What are the types of anal sphincters?
The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle, while the external anal sphincter is skeletal (voluntary).
