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h > Copy of Copy of Ch. 23 The Digestive System F14.pptx > Flashcards

Copy of Copy of Ch. 23 The Digestive System F14.pptx Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main digestive processes?

A

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.

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2
Q

Define ingestion in the digestive system.

A

Ingestion refers to the intake of food and liquids.

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3
Q

What is propulsion in the digestive system?

A

Propulsion is the movement of food through the digestive tract.

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4
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Peristalsis is the wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that move substances through the digestive tract.

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5
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, such as chewing.

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6
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion involves digestive enzymes that assist in breaking down food for absorption.

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7
Q

What is absorption in the digestive system?

A

Absorption is the process of taking nutrients and water into the cells for proper nutrition.

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8
Q

What is defecation?

A

Defecation is the elimination of waste from the body.

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9
Q

What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system?

A

The alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs.

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10
Q

List the organs of the alimentary canal.

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal.

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11
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

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12
Q

What are the layers of the alimentary canal wall?

A

Epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, submucosal nerve plexus, circular muscle, myenteric nerve plexus, longitudinal muscle, and serosa/adventitia.

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13
Q

What is the function of the myenteric nerve plexus?

A

The myenteric nerve plexus controls GI motility and influences smooth muscle contraction.

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14
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

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15
Q

What is the difference between visceral and parietal peritoneum?

A

Visceral peritoneum surrounds digestive organs, while parietal peritoneum lines the body wall.

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16
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

The mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that holds digestive organs in place and provides a route for blood vessels and nerves.

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17
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Retroperitoneal organs are located behind the peritoneum, such as the kidneys.

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18
Q

What is the function of the salivary glands?

A

Salivary glands produce saliva, which moistens the mouth and begins digestion of food.

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19
Q

What are the three types of salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

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20
Q

What is the role of the epiglottis?

A

The epiglottis protects the larynx from food entry.

21
Q

What is the structure of the esophagus?

A

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.

22
Q

What is GERD?

A

GERD stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus.

23
Q

What are the main regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, pylorus, and body.

24
Q

What is the function of gastric pits and glands?

A

Gastric pits and glands secrete substances like mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen to aid digestion.

25
Q

What is the primary function of the small intestine?

A

The small intestine is the site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption.

26
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

27
Q

What are villi?

A

Villi are finger-like projections of the mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption.

28
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon.

29
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which can lead to abnormal digestion.

30
Q

What is the role of the liver in digestion?

A

The liver produces bile, which emulsifies fats, and performs various metabolic functions.

31
Q

What are the main components of bile?

A

Bile contains minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and bile salts.

32
Q

What is the main problem associated with duodenal ulcers?

A

The main problem is exposure to increased amounts of acid and pepsin.

33
Q

What are the primary functions of the liver?

A

Bile production, emulsification of fats, storage of vitamins, processing of fats and amino acids, detoxification from poisons and drugs, and making blood proteins.

34
Q

What is the apex of the liver’s location?

A

The apex lies at the level of the nipple.

35
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

The porta hepatis is where major vessels and nerves enter and leave the liver.

36
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

The hepatic artery (right and left) brings blood to the liver.

37
Q

What is the function of bile salts?

A

Bile salts keep cholesterol dissolved in bile.

38
Q

What is the structure of the liver’s gross anatomy?

A

The liver has right and left lobes, separated by the falciform ligament, and includes the quadrate and caudate lobes.

39
Q

What are the components of the liver lobule?

A

The lobule is the size of a sesame seed and has a hexagonal shape, containing a portal triad of vessels.

40
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder?

A

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile.

41
Q

How does the gallbladder regulate contraction?

A

Regulation of contraction is from the small intestine via enteroendocrine cells secreting cholecystokinin.

42
Q

What can lead to gallstones?

A

Too much cholesterol or bile salts can lead to crystallization of cholesterol, which can plug the cystic duct.

43
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A

The main functions are to absorb water and electrolytes and to force feces toward the rectum.

44
Q

What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?

A

The large intestine is subdivided into the cecum, vermiform appendix, and colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid).

45
Q

What are teniae coli?

A

Teniae coli are longitudinal strips of smooth muscle that cause puckering of the large intestine.

46
Q

What is the anal canal’s length?

A

The anal canal is 3 cm long.

47
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

The pectinate line is below the anal valves and is sensitive to pain (somatic afferent).

48
Q

What are the types of anal sphincters?

A

The internal anal sphincter is smooth muscle, while the external anal sphincter is skeletal (voluntary).

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