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w:2017 - Medsci 1/2 > Reproduction system: basics > Flashcards

Reproduction system: basics Flashcards

1
Q

How much does infertility affect couples?

A

1 in 7 couples

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2
Q

What are the four main causes of infertility?

A

STI’s, cigarette smoking, obesity, increasing age of child bearing

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3
Q

What is the males ability to be reproductively available and how does this change?

A

Males are constantly fertile producing ~300million sperm a day, this declines with age

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4
Q

What is the females ability to be reproductively available and how does this change?

A

Cyclical fertility (3-5 days per month fertile) and women are born with ~7million follicles (egg cells) and ovulate ~400, once these are gone women is infertile

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5
Q

What is the difference in size and weight between the sperm and egg?

A

Sperm is the smallest and egg the largest cell in the body and egg weight ~175,000 times more

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6
Q

What are the endocrine glands that control the reproductive processes?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland and ovary/testes

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7
Q

What are the most important endocrine organs for the reproductive system?

A

Testes and ovaries

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8
Q

What is the function of the testes and ovaries?

A

Produces/store the sex cells and produce most of the reproductive hormones

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9
Q

What is the main type of hormone produced by the reproductive organs?

A

Paracrine steroid hormones (i.e. lipid soluble hormones that circulate the body)

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10
Q

What are the different types of peptide and protein hormones produced for reproduction? Where are they primarily produced?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) - Hypothalamus

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - Anterior pituitary

Luteinising hormone (LH) - Anterior pituitary

Oxytocin - Posterior pituitary

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11
Q

What are the different types of steroid hormones produced for reproduction? Where are they primarily produced?

A

Androgens - Testes

Oestrogen - Ovary

Progestogens - Ovary

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12
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

It stimulates the production of FSH and LH

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13
Q

What are the different types of androgens?

A

Testosterone and 5α dihydrotestosterone

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14
Q

What are the different types of oestrogen?

A

Oestradiol (most important FYI), oestrone and oestriol

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15
Q

What is the principle type of progestogen produced? When is it produced and what is its function?

A

Progesterone, produced during the second half of the menstrual cycle for the preparation of pregnancy (only produced by females FYI)

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16
Q

What are all the steroid hormones made of?

A

Cholesterol

17
Q

Label the diagram, what is it showing?

A

The hierarchy of endocrine organs and how they result in amplification of signals

18
Q

How are neurosecretory neurones different from normal neurones?

A

Normal neurones can conduct a nerve impulses and release a neurotransmitter while neurosecretory neurones can do that and synthesise, carry and release hormones

19
Q

What is the humoral system?

A

The system that relates to information transfer by hormones/blood

20
Q

What are the two neurosecretory peptide hormones? What are they?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (i.e. ADH/vasopressin)

These are hormones that are produced by cells that are stimulated by the nervous system

21
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

It stimulates the relaxation of smooth muscles and as a mood enhancer

22
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Helps kidneys to retain water

23
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the anterior pituitary gland? What is this structure?

A

Via the Hypophyseal portal system

This is a portal vein that connects two capillary beds without going through the heart

24
Q

Why is a portal system used between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland?

A

So that that minute amounts of chemical produced by the hypothalamus are directly delivered to the target organ (pituitary gland) and not diffused through the body

25
Q

How is the regulation of pituitary secretory cells controlled?

A

By negative or positive feedback from the target tissue

26
Q

How is the regulation of the gonadotrophin secretion controlled?

A

By negative feedback from the gonads releasing sex hormones

27
Q

When is the one time that the gonadotrophin secretion is not negative?

A

During ovulation

28
Q

What is the function of FSH in males and females?

A

Males: Growth of spermatozoan

Females: Growth of ovarian follicles (i.e. eggs)

29
Q

What is the function of LH in males and females?

A

Males: Stimulates production of testosterone

Females: Secretion of females sex hormones and stimulates ovulation

30
Q

What is the main secretory product of the testes?

A

Testosterone

31
Q

What are some key functions of testosterone?

A

Male sex development, spermatogenesis (production + maturation of sperm FYI), sexual behaviour and muscle development

32
Q

Do males and females produce testosterone?

A

Yes but males produce 10-100 times as much

33
Q

What are the types of oestrogen?

A

Oestradiol, oestrone and oestriol

34
Q

What is oestradiol produced by? During a lifetime when is it produced?

A

The granulose cells of the growing follicle from puberty to menopause

35
Q

What is oestrone produced by? During a lifetime when is it produced?

A

Produced by the adipose tissue (by males as well FYI) and throughout the lifetime

36
Q

What is oestriol produced by? During a lifetime when is it produced?

A

The placenta during childbirth (to soften the cervix FYI)

37
Q

What are the key functions of oestrogen?

A

Female sex development, regulation of the menstrual cycle, growth of the endometrium (mucus layer that develops inside the uterus for implantation of embryo FYI) and bone growth

38
Q

What is pattern of hypothalamic secretion of GnRH? Why is this?

A

Pulsatile (i.e. produces hormones that initiative pituitary response in discrete bursts) to prevent receptor desensitisation and down-regulation

w:2017 - Medsci 1/2 (19 decks)

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