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w:2017 - Medsci 1/2 > Endocrine system: basics > Flashcards

Endocrine system: basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into?

A

The peripheral (PNS) and central (CNS) nervous system

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2
Q

What is the CNS made of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Label the diagram

A
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4
Q

What nerves take information into and out of the brain?

A

Afferent = into the brain (FYI remember it as info ‘arrives’ at the brain)

Efferent = out of the brain (remember it as info ‘exits’ the brain)

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5
Q

What are the two types of efferent nerves?

A

Somatic and autonomic neurons

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6
Q

What is the difference between Somatic and autonomic neurons?

A

Somatic are voluntary and control skeletal muscle, autonomic are involuntary and control cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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7
Q

What systems make up the autonomic system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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8
Q

Label the diagram

A
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9
Q

Label the diagram

A
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10
Q

What do schwas cells do?

A

They myelinated individual axons or support multiple unmyelinated axons in the PNS

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11
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

They interact with other nerves or tissue

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12
Q

Label the diagram, what is it?

A

A snapse

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13
Q

Where is the Synapse located?

A

At the end of axon terminals

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14
Q

How do the pre and post synaptic neuron communicate? What is communication between them?

A

By neurotransmitters

The pre-synaptic neuron causes the post-synaptic neuron to produce an AP

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15
Q

Explain the steps of how the pre and post synaptic neuron communicate

A

1 - An action potential goes down the pre-synaptic neuron

2 - The action potential changes the structure of the voltage gated Ca2+ channel allowing Ca2+ to go into the synaptic bulb

3 - The Ca2+ in the synaptic bulb causes the synaptic vesicles which contain neurotransmitters to bind to the surface of the pre-synaptic neuron and release the neurotransmitters

4 - The neurotransmitter then acts on the ligand gated post-synaptic receptors allowing Na2+ into the cell

5 - The influx of Na2+ depolarises the post-synaptic neuron causing an action potential

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16
Q

What is the alarm response associated with?

A

Exercise, emotion and excitement

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17
Q

What is the relaxation response associated with?

A

Repletion, rest and relaxation

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18
Q

What are the signs of an alarm response? What does each response allow?

A

(Learn at least 4 of them)

  • Heart: has increased rate and force of contraction (increased physical capabilities)
  • Skin: contraction of arrector pili muscle (i.e. hair stand up for increased cooling ability)
  • Dilation of pupils (get more visual info in)
  • Decrease salivation and digestion (energy directed to movement)
  • construction in blood vessels especially in the skin (more blood for the necessary organs [i.e. muscles, brain…])
  • dilation of the bronchi (get more O2 in)
  • Increased blood sugar from liver (more energy to do work)
  • Increased blood pressure and water retention (greater nutrient exchange)
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19
Q

What are the signs of a relaxation response?

A

(Learn at least 4 of them)

  • Decreased rate and force of heart contraction
  • Contraction of pupils
  • Increased salivation
  • Dilation of peripheral blood vessels
  • Increased digestion
  • Constriction of bronchi
20
Q

What controls the alarm and relaxation responses?

A

Alarm = Sympathetic system

Relaxation = Parasympathetic system

21
Q

What are the sensory inputs for autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic: Mainly interceptors (i.e. internal sensing)

Somatic: Special and somatic senses

22
Q

What are the controls of output for autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic: Involuntary from the limbic system, hypothalamus, brain stem and spinal cord

Somatic: Voluntary from the cerebral cortex

23
Q

What are the motor neurone pathways for autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic: Two neuron pathway (i.e. pre and post ganglion)

Somatic: One neuron pathway

24
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Somatic: Acetycholine

25
Q

What are the effectors of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

Autonomic: Smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Somatic: Skeletal muscles

26
Q

What does acetylcholine (ACh) control in the autonomic system?

A

Preganglionic axons, postganglionic parasympathetic, postganglionic sympathetic to sweat glands

27
Q

What does norepinephrine (NE) control in the autonomic system?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic fibres that don’t go to the sweat glands

28
Q

How does a one or two neuron pathway change how the autonomic and somatic pathways operate?

A

Two neuron pathway in the autonomic system means that a single signal can go and influence many different systems. A single huron pathway in the somatic system means each signal influences only one part of the body

29
Q

Where is ACh and NE used in the somatic and autonomic systems?

A

Autonomic: ACh is used between all preganglionic neurons. ACh is used in post ganglionic neurons connected to sweat glands and NE is used in the postganglionic neuron for effector cells

Somatic: ACh used at the end of the axon terminal to the effectors

30
Q

Label the diagram

A
31
Q

What are cholinergic cells? Where would you find them?

A

Nerve cells that use ACh as a primary neurotransmitter

As part of the preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerves going to sweat glands in the autonomic system and the motor neuron in the somatic system

32
Q

What are adrenergic cells? Where would you find them?

A

Nerve cells that use NE as a primary neurotransmitter

As part of the postganglionic nerve going to effector cells in the autonomic system

33
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

The ACh receptor on the effector cell/gland

34
Q

What are adrenergic receptors?

A

The NE receptors on effector cells

35
Q

What are the effector cells in the somatic and autonomic system?

A

Somatic: Skeletal muscle

Autonomic: Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

36
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Control internal organs via autonomic nervous system and pituitary galnd
  • regulate behaviour and circadian rhythms
  • Controls body temperature
  • Regulates eating and drinking
37
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A
38
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A series of glands throughout the body that secret hormones throughout the body

39
Q

Label the diagram. What organs make up the trunk of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland

40
Q

What are hormones?

A

Molecules that affect the function of other cells

41
Q

What are the two types of hormones? What are the differences between them?

A

Paracrine hormones: Hormones that are produced by a cell to affect OTHER cells

Autocrine hormones: Hormones that are produced by a cell to affect ITSELF

42
Q

What is the process of controlling hormone release?

A

1 - Hormone is synthesised and either stored or released

2 - If released it goes into the blood

3 - It affects the target cell

4 - The grooms is broken and/or excreted

5 - A feedback signal is created (i.e. target cell produces chemical signal, normally a negative feedback loop back to 1 which causes deactivation of hormone production)

43
Q

What are the two types of hormone solubility?

A

Either lipid or water soluble

44
Q

What are the major differences between lipid and water soluble hormones?

A
  • Lipid: requires transport protein when in the blood, diffuses through cell membrane, acts directly on the nucleus to initiate DNA synthesis with long term
  • Water: dissolves in the blood, acts on membrane receptors on the surface, creates signalling proteins which
45
Q

Label the diagram showing the process of a lipid soluble hormone acting on a cell

A
46
Q

Label the diagram showing the process of a water soluble hormone acting on a cell

A
47
Q

How do lipid and water soluble hormones affect cellular activity differently?

A

Water = change in behaviour of a cell (i.e. changes how active a protein is), lipid = change in cellular activity (i.e. what proteins are present)

w:2017 - Medsci 1/2 (19 decks)

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