Reproduction Quiz Flashcards
What is a similarity between the testes of males and the ovaries of females in humans?
A. They produce gametes throughout the life of the individual
B. They secrete hormones into the bloodstream
C. Their development is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome
D. They release products to the outside of the body directly through the urethra
B. They secrete hormones into the bloodstream
The pregnancy test for humans is based on detection of the hormone HCG. What is the reason for detection of this hormone indicating pregnancy?
A. HCG is involved in milk production
B. HCG production is blocked by negative feedback during menstruation
C. HCG is produced by an embryo
D. HCG is released during the acrosome reaction
C. HCG is produced by an embryo
A female is overweight, feels cold and tired, and often fails to ovulate during the menstrual cycle. Which two hormones are probably secreted at insufficient levels?
A. Estrogen and FSH
B. LH and thyroxin
C. Insulin and glucagon
D. Epinephrine and leptin
B. LH and thyroxin
Which pituitary hormones regulate the human menstrual cycle?
A. FSH and LH
B. Progesterone and estrogen
C. HCG and estrogen
D. FSH and oxytocin
A. FSH and LH
Describe the process of spermatogenesis leading to the production of four sperm cells in a human male. (4 marks)
-in the seminiferous tubule
-diploid cells enlarge
-there are two divisions of meiosis
-primary spermatocyte carries out the first division and the secondary spermatocyte carries out the secondary division
-meiosis produces haploid cells
-sertoli cells help sperm to mature
Which interaction occurs between hormones in the reproductive systems of women?
A. Estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulates secretion of FSH
B. Estrogen from the follicle stimulates secretion of LH at midcycle
C. Progesterone stimulates secretion ofLH after ovulation
D. During birth, progesterone stimulates secretion of oxytocin
B. Estrogen from the follicle stimulates secretion of LH at midcycle
Explain how hormones are used to control the human menstrual cycle. (6 marks)
-FSH stimulates the development of follicles
-follicles produce estrogen
-estrogen stimulates the repair of the uterus lining
-estrogen stimulates LH secretion
-LH causes ovulation
-LH causes the development of the corups luteum
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone
Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. (6 marks)
Similarities:
-both result in haploid cells
-both start with mitosis
-both have cell growth
-both have two divisions of meiosis
Differences:
-Oogenesis is in the ovaries whereas spermatogenesis is in the testes
-oogenesis starts during development of the fetus whereas spermatogenesis starts during puberty
-oogenesis stops at menopause whereas spermatogenesis never stops
Which hormone promotes the thickening of the endometrium and also inhibits the hormone that promotes the development of the follicle wall into the corpus luteum?
A. LH
B. Progesterone
C. FSH
D. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
Describe the different cell types in the seminiferous tubules that are involved in the process of spermatogenesis.
(4 marks)
-spermatogonia are undifferentiated germ cells
-they divide by mitosis into primary spermatocytes
-primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis I into secondary spermatocytes
-secondary spermatocytes divide by meiosis II into spermatids
-spermatids develop into sperm
Which is a negative feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle?
A. Follicle stimulating hormone inhibits estrogen
B. Estrogen inhibits luteinizing hormone
C. Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
D. Progesterone inhibits estrogen
C. Estrogen inhibits follicle stimulating hormone
Through what process does a spermatid become a functioning spermatozoan?
A. Mitosis
B. Differentiation
C. Fertilization
D. Meiosis
B. Differentiation
Embryos that are produced by in vitro fertilization can be screened for genetic disease. Outline the process of in vitro fertilization, including one example of a situation when it is used. (6 marks)
-drugs used to down-regulate the menstrual cycle
-FSH injected to stimulate follicle development
-eggs are harvested from ovaries
-semen is processed and concentrated
-sperm injected directly into the egg
-healthiest egg chosen, and 1-4 embryos implanted
-used in cases of low sperm count or blocked oviduct
Explain using an example, how females but not males can be carriers of some recessive alleles.
(4 marks)
-a carrier is when they have dominant and recessive alleles
-recessive allele in carrier does not affect phenotype because dominant allele is also present
-the gene is located on the X chromosome
-females are XX so they can have both dominant and recessive alleles
-males are XY so they only have either a dominant or a recessive allele
-an example is hemophilia
Which of these statements about the human placenta is incorrect?
A. The placenta is the site of nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus
B. The placenta produces hormones, such as estrogen
C. The placenta begins to develop after implantation of the blastocyst
D. The mothers blood and babys blood mix in the placenta
D. The mothers blood and babys blood mix in the placenta
The umbilical artery carries blood from the fetus to the placenta and the umbilical vein carries blood from the placenta to the fetus. How does the composition of the blood in the umbilical artery and the umbilical vein differ?
A. Blood in the umbilical artery contains less glucose than blood in the umbilical vein
B. Blood in the umbilical artery contains less carbon dioxide than blood in the umbilical vein
C. Blood in the umbilical vein contains less oxygen than blood in the umbilical artery
D. Blood in the umbilical vein contains more urea than blood in the umbilical artery
A. Blood in the umbilical artery contains less glucose than blood in the umbilical vein
What is the role of HCG in early pregnancy
A. It maintains production of progesterone by the ovary
B. It initiates the development of the uterus lining
C. It inhibits the production of estrogen
D. It stimulates the degeneration of the corpus luteum
A. It maintains production of progesterone by the ovary
Outline the formation of chiasmata during crossing over.
(5 marks)
-crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
-pairing of homologous chromosomes
-chromatids break at the same point
-non sister chromatids swap alleles
-X shaped structure formed
-chiasma formed at position where crossing over occurs
Explain how an error in meiosis can lead to Down syndrome.
(5 marks)
-non disjunction
-chromosomes do not separate
-non separation of chromosomes during anaphase 1
-due to incorrect spindle attachment
-non separation of chromatids during anaphase 2 due to centromeres not dividing
What is placed into the uterus after the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF)
A. Eggs
B. Sperm
C. Embryos
D. Fetuses
C. Embryos
Outline the process of fertilization in humans? (6 marks)
-sperm enters oviduct
-sperm attracted to egg
-acrosome reaction
-penetration of zona pellucida
-membrane of egg and sperm fuse
-nuclei fusion
What happens during amniocentesis?
A. The amniotic sac fills up with fluid to prevent damage to fetus
B. Amniotic fluid is removed to obtain fetal cells to testing
C. The amniotic fluid is replaced to avoid rejection problems with rhesus positive fetuses
D. Fluid is emptied from the amniotic sac during childhood
B. Amniotic fluid is removed to obtain fetal cells to testing
Describe the genetic and hormonal control of male sexual characteristics in a human.
(3 marks)
-Male if X and Y chromosomes are present
-testes secrete testosterone
-testosterone stimulates sperm production
Outline the roles of estrogen and progesterone in females during human reproduction.
(4 marks)
-estrogen/ progesterone for development of uterus lining
-high levels of estrogen stimulate ovulation
-progesterone maintains uterus lining during pregnancy
-progesterone develops breast tissue
Which hormone is inhibited during pregnancy in order to prevent contractions of the uterus
A. Oxytocin
B. Progesterone
C. Estrogen
D. FSH
A. Oxytocin
What helps to prevent polyspermy?
A. The unequal division of oocytes
B. The placental barrier
C. The contraceptive pill
D. The cortical reaction
D. The cortical reaction
