Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Which cells are subject to attack by HIV?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Erythrocytes
C. Platelets
D. Phagocytes
A. Lymphocytes
The graph shows changes in the concentration of an antibody in the blood of an individual subjected to two separate infections at the same time X and Y. What distinguishes the events occurring at Y from those occurring at X?
A. The individual was infected with different pathogens at X and Y
B.Memory B cells are involved in antibody production at Y but not at X
C. There is no clonal selection involved
D. There are no T lymphocytes involved
B. Memory B cells are involved in antibody production at Y but not at X
Outline the role of leptin in appetite control (1 mark)
Leptin suppresses apetite
Explain the production of antibodies when a patient is infected with Tuberculosis bacteria (7 marks)
-phagocytes are white blood cells
-TB bacteria has a specific antigen that is recognized by a white blood cell
-a clone of lymphocytes are produced
-antibodies are produced by lymphocytes
-each lymphocyte produces just one type of antibody (this is specific immunity)
-antibodies are proteins
-memory cells reproduce quickly and prevent future infection
Plasma cells secrete antibodies against specific antigens. Outline how plasma cells become activated (3 marks)
-antigens are recognized by macrophages
-helper T cells activate B cells which multiply and produce clones of plasma cells for a specific antigen
Explain the advantages of using hybridoma cells in the division of monoclonal antibodies. (2 marks)
-endless cell division
-large clone populations
State one use of monoclonal antibodies. (1 mark)
-pregnancy tests
How does HIV affect the immune system adversely?
A.progressive reduction in the number of active lymphocytes
B. Continuous overproduction of antibodies
C. Rapid production of clone of plasma cells
D. Immediate development of AIDS
A. progressive reduction in the number of active lymphocytes
What is the role of activated B cells?
A. Secrete antibiotics in response to specific antigens
B. Activate T cells in the immune response
C. Release histamine in response to allergens
D. Multiply to form clones of plasma cells
D. Multiply to form clones of plasma cells
Which statement applies to HIV?
A. HIV infects red blood cells resulting in decreased production of hemoglobin
B.HIV can be effectively treated using antibiotics
C. HIV can only be transmitted by sexual intercourse
D. HIV causes a reduction in production of antibodies
What ABO blood group does the man testing positive for anti-D have?
A. A
B. B
C. AB
D. O
D. O
Outline the role of lymphocytes in defense against disease (2 marks)
-the produce antibodies and recognize pathogens
-destroy cancer cells
When activated B cells multiply, what do they produce?
A. plasma cells
B. Antigens
C. Histamine
D. T lymphocytes
A. Plasma cells
A combination of antibiotics and bioengineered antibodies to bacterial antigens is now being used in hospitals to treat bacterial infections. What makes this method more effective than just using antibiotics alone?
A. Increases selective pressure on bacteria to evolve antibiotic resistance.
B. Bacteria become noticeable to phagocytes
C. Antibodies can be cloned by the immune system
D. Blocks metabolic pathways in bacteria
B. Bacteria become noticeable to phagocytes
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
A. Fusion of plasma cells with tumor cells
B. Fusion of plasma cells with B cells
C. Fusion of T cells with B cells
D. Fusion of T cells with tumor cells
A. Fusion of plasma cells with tumor cells
What is a characteristic of antigens?
A. The recognize foreign substances
B. The are produced in bone marrow
C. They cause disease in humans
D. The stimulate the production of antibodies
D. The stimulate the production of antibodies
A secondary immune response occurs when an antigen is encountered on a second occasion, due to exposure to a pathogen that previously caused infection. Which property of some viruses explains the lack of a secondary immune response?
A. Viruses fail to induce a primary response
B. Viruses can have a high mutation rate
C. B cells do not interact with viruses
D. Antibodies cannot interact with viruses
B. Viruses can have a high mutation rate
State the role of plasma cells in the immune system.
(1 mark)
-They produce/ secrete antibodies
Defense occurs on the micro and macro levels. Describe the functioning of immunoglobins.
(3 marks)
-immunoglobins are antibodies
-variable binding sites
-specific antigens
What is directly responsible for allergic symptoms including runny nose or itchy eyes?
A. Pathogens
B. Histamine
C. T-lymphocytes
D. Antigens
B. Histamine
Which is the correct statement concerning HIV and AIDS
A. All HIV patients have AIDS
B. HIV and AIDS are transmitted on the sex chromosomes
C. All AIDS patients have HIV
D. HIV and AIDS neutralize antibodies
C. All AIDS patients have HIV
What is the tole of antibiotics produced by fungi?
A. Destruction of vital particles
B. Inhibition of the growth of prokaryotes
C. Digestion of food molecules
D. Stimulation of antibody production
B. Inhibition of the growth of prokaryotes
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium ….. Outline the structures in M. Tuberculosis that are not present in a human cell (3 marks)
-cell wall
-flagella
-70S ribosomes
-circular DNA
-plasmids
Describe the risk to human population of indiscriminate use of antibiotics. (5 marks)
-antibiotic resistance
-antibiotics block bacterial processes
-some are naturally resistant
-resistance could be passed on
-variations naturally exist
What is a feature of phagocytic white blood cells?
A. Stimulate blood clotting
B. Found only in the circulatory system
C. Form part of non-specific immunity
D. Produce antibodies
C. Form part of non-specific immunity
What is non-specific immunity to disease?
A. Blocking prokaryotic metabolism with antibiotics
B. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes
C. Endocytosis of pathogens by white blood cells
D. Production of cloned plasma cells
C. Endocytosis of pathogens by white blood cells
Outline how cuts in the skin are sealed to prevent blood loss.
(4 marks)
-platelets detect skin damage
-platelets release clotting factors
-clotting factors trigger a cascade of reactions
-blood clots seal the wound due to fibrin
Why are antibiotics effective in curing diseases against some pathogens but not others.
I. Antibiotics interrupt processes found in some but not all pathogen cells
II. Some pathogens have no metabolic processes to interrupt
III. Some pathogens have developed genetic resistance to specific antibodies
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I, II, III
D. I, II, III
Explain how the human body nonspecifically defends itself against pathogens. (5 marks)
- skin/ mucous membranes are the primary defense against pathogens
-tears/mucous contain enzymes which destroy pathogens
-lysosomes in macrophages release enzymes that ingest pathogens
-phagocytes give non-specific immunity
-blood clots so pathogens cannot enter
The body has different defenses against infectious disease. Which cells provide non-specific immunity?
A. Memory cells
B. Phagocytic white blood cells
C. Plasma cells
D. Hybridoma cells
B. Phagocytic white blood cells
Explain how antibiotic resistance can evolve in bacteria, such as those causing pneumonia (4 marks)
-exists as a genetic variation
-may occur from transfer of genetic material
-resistance is specific to one antibiotic
-resistant bacteria replaces non-resistant bacteria over time
Rotavirus causes diarrhea and vomiting. Explain why viral diseases cannot be treated using antibiotics.
(2 marks)
-antibiotics target metabolic pathways which viruses do not have because they are not living
-lack cell wall
