Classification, Evolution, Speciation, and Cladistics Test Flashcards
Which process results in decreased variation?
A. Meiosis
B. Mutation
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Natural selection
D. Natural selection
Outline what is meant by an analogous trait. (2 marks)
-analogous traits have different evolutionary history
-different structures are adaptations
-similarly selective pressures leads to similar solutions
Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.
(4 marks)
Analogous:
-different evolutionary origins
-happen by convergent evolution
Homologous:
-similar internal structures
-different functions
-happen by divergent evolution
What process best explains the formation of different pentadactyl limbs?
A. Adaptive radiation
B. Interbreeding
C. Selective breeding
D. Convergence
A. Adaptive radiation
What would restrict evolution by natural selection, if a species only reproduced by cloning?
A. Too few offspring would be produced
B. Mutations could not occur
C. The offspring would show a lack of variation
D. The offspring would be the same sex as the parent
C. The offspring would show a lack of variation
Explain how evolution by natural selection depends on mutations.
(4 marks0
-mutations cause variation among organisms of the same species
-some mutations make an individual more suited its environment
-individuals pass on genetic mutation to offspring
-natural selection increases frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted
Which are examples of homologous structures?
A. The wings of bats and butterflies
B. The fins of fish and and whales
C. The hind limbs of frogs and grasshoppers
D. The fore limbs of primates and penguins
D. The fore limbs of primates and penguins
Which of the adaptations of flowers would be most successful for the survival of a species?
A. Spiny seeds for better wind dispersal
B. Different flowering times for better seed dispersal
C. Sticky pollen for better water dispersal
D. Specific odors for better insect pollination
D. Specific odors for better insect pollination
What causes variation within a population?
A. Fertilization and change in the environment
B. Fertilization and mutation
C. Mutation and evolution
D. Evolution and adaptive radiation
B. Fertilization and mutation
Explain how evolution may happen in response to an environmental change.
(8 marks)
-genetic variation in population
-variation is due to mutation and sexual reproduction
-more offspring are produced than can survive and populations over-populate
-competition for resources
-survival of the fittest
-favorable genes passed on
-evolution by natural selection
-alleles for adaptations to the changed environment increase in the population
Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.
(3 marks)
-plants/ animals/ livestock produced by selective breeding
-dogs from wolves
-artificial selection eliminates undesirable varieties
-artificial selection can cause significant change over time from the original wild species
-changes due to selective breeding show natural selection can cause evolution in a species
Darwin described evolution as “decent with modification”. What would make evolution less probable?
A. Stable environment
B. Migration
C. Variation in offspring
D. Random mutation
A. Stable environment
Outline how fossil records can provide evidence for evolution.
(2 marks)
-fossils change over time
-can be dated
-shows species relationships
Which is an example of speciation?
A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of wheat with higher crop yield
B. Evolution of different courtship behaviors in separate populations of the cricket
C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston
D. Selective feeding by koalas on eucalyptus species
B. Evolution of different courtship behaviors in separate populations of the cricket
What information can be deduced from the sequence of nodes in a cladogram?
A. The geological cell in which the species in the clade diverged from their common ancestor
B. The probable sequence of divergence among species in the clade
C. The number of characteristics the species have in common
D. The number of mutations that have occurred since the species shared a common ancestor
B. The probable sequence of divergence among species in the clade
Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.
(2 marks)
-cladistics show evolutionary relationships through a common ancestor
-cladistics uses DNA
-homologous traits are used to place an organism in a clade
Outline the criteria that should be used to assess whether a group of organisms is a species.
(3 marks)
-produce fertile offspring
-same gene sequence
-same number of chromosomes
Describe the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation.
(5 marks)
-the gene pool is all genes in a population
-gene pool splits during speciation
-due to reproductive isolation
-temporal isolation
-divergence of gene pools
A hunter tends to kill the bigger individuals of a population for their meat or for large ornamental trophies. Therefore, the population tends to have more individuals who are smaller. What is this an example of?
A. Directional selection
B. Disruptive selection
C. Natural selection
D. Stabilizing selection
A. Directional selection
Describe what is shown in a cladogram.
(2 marks)
-similarities and differences between organisms
-evolutionary relationships
-relative similarity
Natural selection can operate in different ways. What is the effect of disruptive selection?
A. It eliminates individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic
B. It eliminates individuals at random regardless of their characteristics
C. It favors individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic
D. It favors individuals at one extreme of the range of variation in a characteristic
A. It eliminates individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic
Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
(5 marks)
-natural selection is caused by pressures in an environment
-occurs when variation exists in a species
-variation is enhanced by meiosis
-natural selection isolates members of a species
-prolonged reproductive isolation of a species allows for speciation
Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
(3 marks)
-similarities in base sequences of genes and homologous structures suggests they have evolved from a common ancestor
Research suggests that many living plant species are polyploid. Explain how polyploidy occurs and, using a named example, how polyploidy can lead to speciation.
(5 marks)
-polyploidy is having more than two sets of chromosomes
-triploid has 3 sets
-vizcacha is tetraploid
-fusion of diploid and haploid gametes produce triploid cells
What example shows disruptive selection?
A. Giraffe necks have become longer over time
B. Medium-sized beaks in hummingbirds have decreased in frequency over time
C. The peppered moth became less common in polluted environments
D. Human babies with a very high or a very low birth mass have a higher mortality rate
Discuss evolution by gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
(6 marks)
-both describe speed of evolution
-gradualism suggests that evolution occurs over a long time
-punctuated equilibrium implies long periods of time with no change
What can lead to reproductive isolation after just one generation?
A. Polyploidy
B. Increased mutation rate
C. Changed allele frequencies
D. Independent assortment of chromosomes
A. Polyploidy
List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
(2 marks)
-base sequences of a gene
-amino acid sequences
List two causes of variation within a gene pool.
(2 marks)
-sexual reproduction
-random fertilization
Outline how reproductive isolation can occur in an animal population.
(3 marks)
-temporal isolation meaning different populations reproduce at different times
-behavioral isolation due to difference in reproductive customs and behaviors
-geographic isolation due to separation through land barriers
Outline the binomial system of classification.
(4 marks)
-binomial classification system is universal
-classifies organisms in groups
-every species is given a binomial name
-same species produce offspring
A locust is an arthropod. For invertebrate groups, which recognition feature is only found in arthropods?
A. Bilateral symmetry
B. Jointed appendages
C. Wings
D. Segmented body
If seeds of an unknown species of plant are discovered, what assumption can be made about the species?
A. Its male gametes are contained within pollen
B. Its seeds are contained within fruits
C. It is in the domain archaea
D. It is in the phylum angiosperm
A. Its male gametes are contained within pollen
Which phyla have bilateral symmetry?
A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha
B. porifera, arthropoda, platyhelmintha
C. cnidaria, porifera, mollusca
D. porifera, annelida, mollusca
A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha
Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of deceasing numbers of species?
A. domain, phylum order, family
B. phylum, order, family, class
C. domain, phylum, order, class
D. phylum, class, family, order
A. domain, phylum order, family
Which phylum shows radial symmetry?
A. annelida
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Porifera
B. Cnidaria
Which invertebrate phylum is characterized by a segmented body and bilateral symmetry?
A. Arthropoda
B. Mollusca
C. Porifera
D. Cnidaria
A. Arthropoda
State one reason that viruses are not classified as living organisms.
(1 mark)
-they do not have a metabolic pathway/ metabolism
In which domain are bryophyata found?
A. Plantae
B. Archaea
C. Eubacteria
D. Eukaryote
D. Eukaryote
