Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Classification, Evolution, Speciation, and Cladistics Test > Flashcards

Classification, Evolution, Speciation, and Cladistics Test Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which process results in decreased variation?

A. Meiosis
B. Mutation
C. Sexual reproduction
D. Natural selection

A

D. Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outline what is meant by an analogous trait. (2 marks)

A

-analogous traits have different evolutionary history
-different structures are adaptations
-similarly selective pressures leads to similar solutions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Outline the use of analogous and homologous traits in natural classification.
(4 marks)

A

Analogous:
-different evolutionary origins
-happen by convergent evolution

Homologous:
-similar internal structures
-different functions
-happen by divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What process best explains the formation of different pentadactyl limbs?

A. Adaptive radiation
B. Interbreeding
C. Selective breeding
D. Convergence

A

A. Adaptive radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What would restrict evolution by natural selection, if a species only reproduced by cloning?

A. Too few offspring would be produced

B. Mutations could not occur

C. The offspring would show a lack of variation

D. The offspring would be the same sex as the parent

A

C. The offspring would show a lack of variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain how evolution by natural selection depends on mutations.
(4 marks0

A

-mutations cause variation among organisms of the same species
-some mutations make an individual more suited its environment
-individuals pass on genetic mutation to offspring
-natural selection increases frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which are examples of homologous structures?

A. The wings of bats and butterflies

B. The fins of fish and and whales

C. The hind limbs of frogs and grasshoppers

D. The fore limbs of primates and penguins

A

D. The fore limbs of primates and penguins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which of the adaptations of flowers would be most successful for the survival of a species?

A. Spiny seeds for better wind dispersal

B. Different flowering times for better seed dispersal

C. Sticky pollen for better water dispersal

D. Specific odors for better insect pollination

A

D. Specific odors for better insect pollination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes variation within a population?

A. Fertilization and change in the environment

B. Fertilization and mutation

C. Mutation and evolution

D. Evolution and adaptive radiation

A

B. Fertilization and mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain how evolution may happen in response to an environmental change.
(8 marks)

A

-genetic variation in population
-variation is due to mutation and sexual reproduction
-more offspring are produced than can survive and populations over-populate
-competition for resources
-survival of the fittest
-favorable genes passed on
-evolution by natural selection
-alleles for adaptations to the changed environment increase in the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline the evidence for evolution provided by selective breeding.
(3 marks)

A

-plants/ animals/ livestock produced by selective breeding
-dogs from wolves
-artificial selection eliminates undesirable varieties
-artificial selection can cause significant change over time from the original wild species
-changes due to selective breeding show natural selection can cause evolution in a species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Darwin described evolution as “decent with modification”. What would make evolution less probable?

A. Stable environment
B. Migration
C. Variation in offspring
D. Random mutation

A

A. Stable environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Outline how fossil records can provide evidence for evolution.
(2 marks)

A

-fossils change over time
-can be dated
-shows species relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which is an example of speciation?

A. Selective breeding to produce new varieties of wheat with higher crop yield

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviors in separate populations of the cricket

C. Natural selection leading to an increase in the frequency of darker individuals of Biston

D. Selective feeding by koalas on eucalyptus species

A

B. Evolution of different courtship behaviors in separate populations of the cricket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What information can be deduced from the sequence of nodes in a cladogram?

A. The geological cell in which the species in the clade diverged from their common ancestor

B. The probable sequence of divergence among species in the clade

C. The number of characteristics the species have in common

D. The number of mutations that have occurred since the species shared a common ancestor

A

B. The probable sequence of divergence among species in the clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain how cladistics can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships.
(2 marks)

A

-cladistics show evolutionary relationships through a common ancestor
-cladistics uses DNA
-homologous traits are used to place an organism in a clade

17
Q

Outline the criteria that should be used to assess whether a group of organisms is a species.
(3 marks)

A

-produce fertile offspring
-same gene sequence
-same number of chromosomes

18
Q

Describe the changes that occur in gene pools during speciation.
(5 marks)

A

-the gene pool is all genes in a population
-gene pool splits during speciation
-due to reproductive isolation
-temporal isolation
-divergence of gene pools

19
Q

A hunter tends to kill the bigger individuals of a population for their meat or for large ornamental trophies. Therefore, the population tends to have more individuals who are smaller. What is this an example of?

A. Directional selection
B. Disruptive selection
C. Natural selection
D. Stabilizing selection

A

A. Directional selection

20
Q

Describe what is shown in a cladogram.
(2 marks)

A

-similarities and differences between organisms
-evolutionary relationships
-relative similarity

21
Q

Natural selection can operate in different ways. What is the effect of disruptive selection?

A. It eliminates individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic

B. It eliminates individuals at random regardless of their characteristics

C. It favors individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic

D. It favors individuals at one extreme of the range of variation in a characteristic

A

A. It eliminates individuals with intermediate forms of a characteristic

22
Q

Explain how natural selection can lead to speciation.
(5 marks)

A

-natural selection is caused by pressures in an environment
-occurs when variation exists in a species
-variation is enhanced by meiosis
-natural selection isolates members of a species
-prolonged reproductive isolation of a species allows for speciation

23
Q

Outline the types of evidence that can be used to place a species in a particular clade.
(3 marks)

A

-similarities in base sequences of genes and homologous structures suggests they have evolved from a common ancestor

24
Q

Research suggests that many living plant species are polyploid. Explain how polyploidy occurs and, using a named example, how polyploidy can lead to speciation.
(5 marks)

A

-polyploidy is having more than two sets of chromosomes
-triploid has 3 sets
-vizcacha is tetraploid
-fusion of diploid and haploid gametes produce triploid cells

25
Q

What example shows disruptive selection?

A. Giraffe necks have become longer over time

B. Medium-sized beaks in hummingbirds have decreased in frequency over time

C. The peppered moth became less common in polluted environments

D. Human babies with a very high or a very low birth mass have a higher mortality rate

A
26
Q

Discuss evolution by gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
(6 marks)

A

-both describe speed of evolution
-gradualism suggests that evolution occurs over a long time
-punctuated equilibrium implies long periods of time with no change

27
Q

What can lead to reproductive isolation after just one generation?

A. Polyploidy

B. Increased mutation rate

C. Changed allele frequencies

D. Independent assortment of chromosomes

A

A. Polyploidy

28
Q

List two types of evidence used to determine which species belong in the same clade.
(2 marks)

A

-base sequences of a gene
-amino acid sequences

29
Q

List two causes of variation within a gene pool.
(2 marks)

A

-sexual reproduction
-random fertilization

30
Q

Outline how reproductive isolation can occur in an animal population.
(3 marks)

A

-temporal isolation meaning different populations reproduce at different times
-behavioral isolation due to difference in reproductive customs and behaviors
-geographic isolation due to separation through land barriers

31
Q

Outline the binomial system of classification.
(4 marks)

A

-binomial classification system is universal
-classifies organisms in groups
-every species is given a binomial name
-same species produce offspring

32
Q

A locust is an arthropod. For invertebrate groups, which recognition feature is only found in arthropods?

A. Bilateral symmetry
B. Jointed appendages
C. Wings
D. Segmented body

A
33
Q

If seeds of an unknown species of plant are discovered, what assumption can be made about the species?

A. Its male gametes are contained within pollen

B. Its seeds are contained within fruits

C. It is in the domain archaea

D. It is in the phylum angiosperm

A

A. Its male gametes are contained within pollen

34
Q

Which phyla have bilateral symmetry?

A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha

B. porifera, arthropoda, platyhelmintha

C. cnidaria, porifera, mollusca

D. porifera, annelida, mollusca

A

A. annelida, arthropoda, platyhelmintha

35
Q

Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of deceasing numbers of species?

A. domain, phylum order, family

B. phylum, order, family, class

C. domain, phylum, order, class

D. phylum, class, family, order

A

A. domain, phylum order, family

36
Q

Which phylum shows radial symmetry?

A. annelida
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Porifera

A

B. Cnidaria

37
Q

Which invertebrate phylum is characterized by a segmented body and bilateral symmetry?

A. Arthropoda
B. Mollusca
C. Porifera
D. Cnidaria

A

A. Arthropoda

38
Q

State one reason that viruses are not classified as living organisms.
(1 mark)

A

-they do not have a metabolic pathway/ metabolism

39
Q

In which domain are bryophyata found?

A. Plantae
B. Archaea
C. Eubacteria
D. Eukaryote

A

D. Eukaryote

Biology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions