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SUGER > Reproduction Physiology > Flashcards

Reproduction Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of testis - gonocyte development

A

Spermatogonium

1st spermatocyte

2nd spermatocyte

Spermatid

Mature Sperm

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2
Q

What is the order of ovary - gonocyte development

A

Gonocyte

Oogonium

1st oocyte

2nd oocyte

Antral follicle

Mature ovum

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3
Q

Describe what happens in the presence of SRY

A

Switches to testicular development

Testis produce MIF

Prevents mullerian duct development

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4
Q

Describe what happens in the absence of SRY

A

Ovarian and Mullerian ducts will form

Uterus and fallopian tubes will form

Two X chromosomes are required

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5
Q

When does mitosis start

A

Before week 12

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6
Q

When does rapid cell death of oocytes occur

A

From week 20

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7
Q

What stage is meiosis 1 stopped at in females

A

Metaphase until puberty

Resumption is triggered by LH surge

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8
Q

What stage is meiosis 2 stopped at females

A

Metaphase 2 until fertilisation

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9
Q

What happens after 7th week

A

Prior to this primitive gonads are identical

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10
Q

What does the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts develop in females

A

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Upper 2/3 vagina

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11
Q

What happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts in females

A

Regress

Lower 1/3 of vagina

Clitoris, labial major and minora

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12
Q

What does negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Inhibin

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13
Q

What does positive feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Activin

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14
Q

When does positive feedback occur in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Days 12-14

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15
Q

What happens to hormonal control at puberty

A

Increased amplitude of GnRH and GHRH

Increased levels of FSH, LH and sex steroids

Increased levels of growth hormone (GH)

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16
Q

What is puberty impacted on

A

Nutrition (critical body mass)
Leptin and insulin
Socio-cultural
Genetic factors
Exercise

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17
Q

Describe the pampiniform plexus

A

Arterial blood cools as it descends

Venous blood carries away heat as it ascends

37-35

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18
Q

In males what does meiosis I produce

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

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19
Q

In males what does meiosis II produce

A

4 spermatids

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20
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

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21
Q

Do type A or type B spermatogonium become primary spermatocytes

A

Type B

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22
Q

How is the blood testes barrier formed

A

By tight junctions between basement membrane under Sertoli cells

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23
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells

A

Think nurse cells

Essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis

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24
Q

What is the role of leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone

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25
Q

Fertilisation

Day 1

A

Fusion of sperm and egg occurs within a few occurs of fertilisation

Fusion occurs at the ampulla

Mitosis occurs

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26
Q

Fertilisation

Day2-3

What is its name

A

Cleavage

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27
Q

Fertilisation

Day 2-3

A

Cell number increase

By day 3 - 16 cells = morula

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28
Q

What is the name for in cleavage 16 cells

A

Morula

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29
Q

Fertilisation

What is the name of day 4

A

Compaction

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30
Q

Fertilisation

What happens on day 4

A

Compaction

Cells flatten and maximise space

Allows for rapid differentiation

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31
Q

Fertilisation

What happens on day 5-6

A

Expansion

Fluid filled cavity expands and forms a blastocyst

Outer cells layer = trophoblast

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32
Q

Fertilisation

What is the name for what happens on day 5-6

A

Expansion

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33
Q

Fertilisation what happens on day 6

A

Hatching

Embryo leaves zona pellucida for implantation

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34
Q

Fertilisation

What is the name for what occurs on day 6

A

Hatching

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35
Q

When does syngamy occur

A

Day 1

Male and female pronucleus migrates to centre

46 chromosomes organise at the spindle equator

36
Q

Prior to 4-8 cell stage (cleavage) what is developmental control dependent upon

A

Maternally derived stores of RNA laid down during oogenesis

37
Q

When does activation of the embryonic genome occur

A

4-8 cell embryo

38
Q

Describe the steps of fertilisation

A

Day 1 - fertilisation

Day 2/3 - Cleavage

Day 4 - compaction

Day 5 - Cavitation and Differentiation

Day 5/6 - expansion

Day 6+ - hatching

39
Q

In early preimplantation embryo describe the energy metabolism and requirements

A

ATP turnover low

ATP/ADP ratio is high

Pyruvate main energy

Glucose uptake and utilisation is low

40
Q

Describe blastocyst stage energy metabolism and requirements

A

Metabolic activity rises sharply

ATP/ADP ratio falls, reflecting and increase demand for energy e.g. for protein biosynthesis and ion pumping associated with blastocoel activity

Glucose main energy

41
Q

What happens at day 10 - cellular differentiation

A

Three germ layers formed
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm

42
Q

When does embryo implantation occur

A

6-12 days after ovulation

43
Q

What are the three phases of embryo implantation

A

Apposition

Attachment

Invasion

44
Q

Describe apposition

A

Unstable adhesion of blastocyst to the uterine lining

45
Q

Describe attachment

A

Stable/stronger adhesion

46
Q

Describe invasion

A

Penetration

Enzymatically mediated

47
Q

What are decidual cells

A

Progesterone primed endometrial stromal cells adjacent to the blastocyst differentiate into metabolically active secretory cells

Under influence of decidual cells

48
Q

What are the roles of progesterone

A

Modified the distribution of oestrogen receptors

Stimulates secretory activity

Stimulates stromal edema

Increases volume of blood vessels

Primes decidual cells

Stabilises lysosomes

49
Q

What prevents maternal recognition of the embryo as a foreign body

A

Interleukin-2

50
Q

Describe human chorionic gonadotropin production

A

Rising levels from 7-8 signify onset of implantation

Essential for sustaining early pregnancy

Ensures corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone throughout first trimester of pregnancy

51
Q

What are hCG B synthesises in

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts

52
Q

What are hCG a synthesised in

A

Committed cytotrophoblasts cells

53
Q

What is the role of FSH (female)

A

Binds to granulosa cells to stimulate follicle growth, permit the conversion of androgens (from theca cells) to oestrogen and stimulate inhibin secretion

54
Q

What is the role of LH

A

Acts on theca cells to stimulate production and secretion of androgens

55
Q

What type of feedback does moderate oestrogen levels exert on the HPG axis

A

Negative

56
Q

What type of feedback does high oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) exert on the HPG axis

A

Positive

57
Q

What type of feedback does oestrogen have in the presence of progesterone on the HPG axis

A

Negative

58
Q

What does inhibin do

A

Inhibits FSH at the anterior pituitary

59
Q

What phase starts a new menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase

60
Q

Describe the follicular phase

A

Low steroid and inhibin levels = little neg feedback

Increase FSH and LH

Stimulates growth and oestrogen production

Follicular oestrogen becomes high enough to exert positive feedback

LH surge due to increased follicular inhibin (only affects FSH)

Granulosa cells become luteinised and express receptors for LH

61
Q

Describe ovulation phase

A

LH surge - follicle ruptures and the mature oocyte moves into fallopian tubes

Secretes oestrogen and progesterone = negative feedback

Together with inhibin stalls the cycle - for fertilisation

62
Q

Describe the luteal phase

A

Corpus luteum - forms at the site of the ruptured follicle following ovulation - produces oestrogens, progesterone’s and inhibin to maintain conditions for fertilisation and implantation

After 14 days corpus luteum spontaneously regresses

Negative feedback resets

63
Q

What is menopause characterised by

A

Reduction of circulating oestrogens

64
Q

Describe the hormonal changes during menopause

A

Reduction in circulating oestrogen

Result of reduced sensitivity of the ovary to FSH and LH - results of a marker decrease in available binding sites due to the reduction in follicle numbers

Increase in anovulatory cycles

LH and FSH increase significantly during menopause due to the low levels of circulting oestrogen - removes negative feedback

Decreased numbers of follicles reduces amount of inhibin = enhanced rise of FSH

65
Q

What are the layers of the uterus

A

Peritoneum

Myometrium

Endometrium

66
Q

Describe the peritoneum

A

Double layered membrane - continuous with the abdominal peritoneum

67
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Thick smooth muscle layer

Cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy

68
Q

Describe the endometrium

A

Inner mucous membrane lining the uterus

Can be subdivided
- deep stratum basalis
- superficial stratum functionalism

69
Q

Describe the superficial stratum functionalism

A

Proliferates in response to oestrogens

Becomes secretory in response to progesterone

Shed during menstruation and regenerates from cells in the stratum basalis layer

70
Q

Describe the maternal adaptations during pregnancy

A

Cardiac output increases by 30-50%

Activation of RAAS

Increase metabolic rate

Hyperventilation

Constipation

GFR increases by about 50-60%

Increase in fibrinogen and clotting factors

71
Q

What does cervical ripening refer to

A

Softening of the cervix that occurs before labour

72
Q

What would happen if cervical ripening did not occur

A

Cervix cannot dilate

73
Q

Describe cervical ripening

A

Response to oestrogen, relaxin and prostaglandins - break down of cervical connective tissue

  • reduction of collagen
  • increase in glycosaminoglycans
  • increase in hyaluronic acid
  • reduced aggregation of collagen fibres
74
Q

Describe myometrial excitability

A

Relative decrease in progesterone compared to oestrogen occurs towards the end of pregnancy - facilitates an increase in excitability of the uterine musculature

Mechanical stretching of uterus aids in increased contractility

75
Q

What hormone is responsible for initiating uterine contractions

A

Oxytocin

76
Q

What are the stages of labour

A

First stage

Second stage

Delivery

Third stage

77
Q

When is first stage labour between

A

Beginning of labour until cervix is fully dilated (approx 10cm)

78
Q

What is the maximum size of the birth canal determined by

A

Pelvis

79
Q

What is the latent phase of stage 1

A

Slow cervical dilation over several hours which lasts until the cervix has reached 4cm dilation

80
Q

What is the active phase of stage 1

A

Faster cervical dilation until 10cm reached

1cm/hr

81
Q

When does the second stage last

A

Full dilation of the cervix until the foetus has been expelled

82
Q

What is the passive stage of second stage

A

Lasts until the head of the foetus reaches the pelvis floor

83
Q

What is the active stage of second stage

A

Pressure of the foetal head on the pelvic floor results in an urge to bear down. Woman pushes

84
Q

Describe delivery

A

Following delivery of the head rotates by 90 degrees to assit with the shoulders

85
Q

Describe the third stage of labour

A

Follows delivery until the the placenta has been delivered

Uterine muscle fibres contract to compress the blood vessels supplying the placenta which sheds away from the uterine wall

Typically lasts 15 minutes up to 500ml of blood loss

SUGER (15 decks)

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