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Reproduction Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of testis - gonocyte development

A

Spermatogonium

1st spermatocyte

2nd spermatocyte

Spermatid

Mature Sperm

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2
Q

What is the order of ovary - gonocyte development

A

Gonocyte

Oogonium

1st oocyte

2nd oocyte

Antral follicle

Mature ovum

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3
Q

Describe what happens in the presence of SRY

A

Switches to testicular development

Testis produce MIF

Prevents mullerian duct development

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4
Q

Describe what happens in the absence of SRY

A

Ovarian and Mullerian ducts will form

Uterus and fallopian tubes will form

Two X chromosomes are required

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5
Q

When does mitosis start

A

Before week 12

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6
Q

When does rapid cell death of oocytes occur

A

From week 20

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7
Q

What stage is meiosis 1 stopped at in females

A

Metaphase until puberty

Resumption is triggered by LH surge

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8
Q

What stage is meiosis 2 stopped at females

A

Metaphase 2 until fertilisation

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9
Q

What happens after 7th week

A

Prior to this primitive gonads are identical

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10
Q

What does the paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts develop in females

A

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Upper 2/3 vagina

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11
Q

What happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) ducts in females

A

Regress

Lower 1/3 of vagina

Clitoris, labial major and minora

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12
Q

What does negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Inhibin

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13
Q

What does positive feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Activin

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14
Q

When does positive feedback occur in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Days 12-14

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15
Q

What happens to hormonal control at puberty

A

Increased amplitude of GnRH and GHRH

Increased levels of FSH, LH and sex steroids

Increased levels of growth hormone (GH)

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16
Q

What is puberty impacted on

A

Nutrition (critical body mass)
Leptin and insulin
Socio-cultural
Genetic factors
Exercise

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17
Q

Describe the pampiniform plexus

A

Arterial blood cools as it descends

Venous blood carries away heat as it ascends

37-35

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18
Q

In males what does meiosis I produce

A

2 secondary spermatocytes

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19
Q

In males what does meiosis II produce

A

4 spermatids

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20
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

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21
Q

Do type A or type B spermatogonium become primary spermatocytes

A

Type B

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22
Q

How is the blood testes barrier formed

A

By tight junctions between basement membrane under Sertoli cells

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23
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells

A

Think nurse cells

Essential for testis formation and spermatogenesis

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24
Q

What is the role of leydig cells

A

Produce testosterone

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25
Fertilisation Day 1
Fusion of sperm and egg occurs within a few occurs of fertilisation Fusion occurs at the ampulla Mitosis occurs
26
Fertilisation Day2-3 What is its name
Cleavage
27
Fertilisation Day 2-3
Cell number increase By day 3 - 16 cells = morula
28
What is the name for in cleavage 16 cells
Morula
29
Fertilisation What is the name of day 4
Compaction
30
Fertilisation What happens on day 4
Compaction Cells flatten and maximise space Allows for rapid differentiation
31
Fertilisation What happens on day 5-6
Expansion Fluid filled cavity expands and forms a blastocyst Outer cells layer = trophoblast
32
Fertilisation What is the name for what happens on day 5-6
Expansion
33
Fertilisation what happens on day 6
Hatching Embryo leaves zona pellucida for implantation
34
Fertilisation What is the name for what occurs on day 6
Hatching
35
When does syngamy occur
Day 1 Male and female pronucleus migrates to centre 46 chromosomes organise at the spindle equator
36
Prior to 4-8 cell stage (cleavage) what is developmental control dependent upon
Maternally derived stores of RNA laid down during oogenesis
37
When does activation of the embryonic genome occur
4-8 cell embryo
38
Describe the steps of fertilisation
Day 1 - fertilisation Day 2/3 - Cleavage Day 4 - compaction Day 5 - Cavitation and Differentiation Day 5/6 - expansion Day 6+ - hatching
39
In early preimplantation embryo describe the energy metabolism and requirements
ATP turnover low ATP/ADP ratio is high Pyruvate main energy Glucose uptake and utilisation is low
40
Describe blastocyst stage energy metabolism and requirements
Metabolic activity rises sharply ATP/ADP ratio falls, reflecting and increase demand for energy e.g. for protein biosynthesis and ion pumping associated with blastocoel activity Glucose main energy
41
What happens at day 10 - cellular differentiation
Three germ layers formed - ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
42
When does embryo implantation occur
6-12 days after ovulation
43
What are the three phases of embryo implantation
Apposition Attachment Invasion
44
Describe apposition
Unstable adhesion of blastocyst to the uterine lining
45
Describe attachment
Stable/stronger adhesion
46
Describe invasion
Penetration Enzymatically mediated
47
What are decidual cells
Progesterone primed endometrial stromal cells adjacent to the blastocyst differentiate into metabolically active secretory cells Under influence of decidual cells
48
What are the roles of progesterone
Modified the distribution of oestrogen receptors Stimulates secretory activity Stimulates stromal edema Increases volume of blood vessels Primes decidual cells Stabilises lysosomes
49
What prevents maternal recognition of the embryo as a foreign body
Interleukin-2
50
Describe human chorionic gonadotropin production
Rising levels from 7-8 signify onset of implantation Essential for sustaining early pregnancy Ensures corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone throughout first trimester of pregnancy
51
What are hCG B synthesises in
Syncytiotrophoblasts
52
What are hCG a synthesised in
Committed cytotrophoblasts cells
53
What is the role of FSH (female)
Binds to granulosa cells to stimulate follicle growth, permit the conversion of androgens (from theca cells) to oestrogen and stimulate inhibin secretion
54
What is the role of LH
Acts on theca cells to stimulate production and secretion of androgens
55
What type of feedback does moderate oestrogen levels exert on the HPG axis
Negative
56
What type of feedback does high oestrogen levels (in the absence of progesterone) exert on the HPG axis
Positive
57
What type of feedback does oestrogen have in the presence of progesterone on the HPG axis
Negative
58
What does inhibin do
Inhibits FSH at the anterior pituitary
59
What phase starts a new menstrual cycle
Follicular phase
60
Describe the follicular phase
Low steroid and inhibin levels = little neg feedback Increase FSH and LH Stimulates growth and oestrogen production Follicular oestrogen becomes high enough to exert positive feedback LH surge due to increased follicular inhibin (only affects FSH) Granulosa cells become luteinised and express receptors for LH
61
Describe ovulation phase
LH surge - follicle ruptures and the mature oocyte moves into fallopian tubes Secretes oestrogen and progesterone = negative feedback Together with inhibin stalls the cycle - for fertilisation
62
Describe the luteal phase
Corpus luteum - forms at the site of the ruptured follicle following ovulation - produces oestrogens, progesterone's and inhibin to maintain conditions for fertilisation and implantation After 14 days corpus luteum spontaneously regresses Negative feedback resets
63
What is menopause characterised by
Reduction of circulating oestrogens
64
Describe the hormonal changes during menopause
Reduction in circulating oestrogen Result of reduced sensitivity of the ovary to FSH and LH - results of a marker decrease in available binding sites due to the reduction in follicle numbers Increase in anovulatory cycles LH and FSH increase significantly during menopause due to the low levels of circulting oestrogen - removes negative feedback Decreased numbers of follicles reduces amount of inhibin = enhanced rise of FSH
65
What are the layers of the uterus
Peritoneum Myometrium Endometrium
66
Describe the peritoneum
Double layered membrane - continuous with the abdominal peritoneum
67
Describe the myometrium
Thick smooth muscle layer Cells of this layer undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy
68
Describe the endometrium
Inner mucous membrane lining the uterus Can be subdivided - deep stratum basalis - superficial stratum functionalism
69
Describe the superficial stratum functionalism
Proliferates in response to oestrogens Becomes secretory in response to progesterone Shed during menstruation and regenerates from cells in the stratum basalis layer
70
Describe the maternal adaptations during pregnancy
Cardiac output increases by 30-50% Activation of RAAS Increase metabolic rate Hyperventilation Constipation GFR increases by about 50-60% Increase in fibrinogen and clotting factors
71
What does cervical ripening refer to
Softening of the cervix that occurs before labour
72
What would happen if cervical ripening did not occur
Cervix cannot dilate
73
Describe cervical ripening
Response to oestrogen, relaxin and prostaglandins - break down of cervical connective tissue - reduction of collagen - increase in glycosaminoglycans - increase in hyaluronic acid - reduced aggregation of collagen fibres
74
Describe myometrial excitability
Relative decrease in progesterone compared to oestrogen occurs towards the end of pregnancy - facilitates an increase in excitability of the uterine musculature Mechanical stretching of uterus aids in increased contractility
75
What hormone is responsible for initiating uterine contractions
Oxytocin
76
What are the stages of labour
First stage Second stage Delivery Third stage
77
When is first stage labour between
Beginning of labour until cervix is fully dilated (approx 10cm)
78
What is the maximum size of the birth canal determined by
Pelvis
79
What is the latent phase of stage 1
Slow cervical dilation over several hours which lasts until the cervix has reached 4cm dilation
80
What is the active phase of stage 1
Faster cervical dilation until 10cm reached 1cm/hr
81
When does the second stage last
Full dilation of the cervix until the foetus has been expelled
82
What is the passive stage of second stage
Lasts until the head of the foetus reaches the pelvis floor
83
What is the active stage of second stage
Pressure of the foetal head on the pelvic floor results in an urge to bear down. Woman pushes
84
Describe delivery
Following delivery of the head rotates by 90 degrees to assit with the shoulders
85
Describe the third stage of labour
Follows delivery until the the placenta has been delivered Uterine muscle fibres contract to compress the blood vessels supplying the placenta which sheds away from the uterine wall Typically lasts 15 minutes up to 500ml of blood loss

SUGER (15 decks)

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