Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SUGER > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Carbohydrate metabolism

Fat metabolism

Protein metabolism

Hormone metabolism

Toxin/drug metabolism and excretion

Storage

Bilirubin metabolism and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe iron metabolism

A

IN - dietary iron to duodenum (average 1-2mg/day)

Becomes - plasma transferrin (3 mg)

OUT (of plasma transferrin) - iron utilisation
- muscle (myoglobin) 300mg
- bone marrow 300mg - circulating erythrocytes (haemoglobin) 1,800mg

IN (to plasma transferrin) - storage iron
- liver parenchyma 1000mg
- reticuloendothelial macrophages (600mg) - come from circulating erythrocytes

LOSS - iron loss average 1-2mg/day
- sloughed mucosal cells
- desquamation
- menstruation
- other blood loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe ferritin

A

Large spherical protein consisting of 24 noncovalently linked subunits

Subunits form a shell surrounding central core

Core contains up to 5000 atoms of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is ferritin found

A

In cytoplasm of cells

Can be found in serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the concentration of ferritin directly proportional to

A

Total iron stores in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do vitamins act as

A

Gene activators

Free-radical scavengers

Coenzymes or cofactors in metabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do water soluble of fat soluble vitamins require more intake

A

Water soluble as pass more readily through the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name examples of water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is another name for vitamin A

A

Retinoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do vertebrates ingest retinal

A

Directly from meat or produce retinal from carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name vitamin A sources

A

Retinols
- cereal
- dairy
- eggs
- dates

Carotenoids
- carrot
- spinach
- sweet potato
- tomato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the requirement of vitamin A

A

0.6 mg/day in men

0.7 mg/day in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A

A

Vision used to form rhodopsin in the rod cells in the retina

Reproduction
- spermatogenesis in male
- prevention of foetal resorption of female

Growth

Stabilisation of cellular membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium

Resorption and formation of bone

Reduce renal excretion of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the absorption of vitamin D

A

2 intakes

  1. sunlight
    - penetrates the skin becomes 7-dehydrocholerstrol
    - cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
  2. Dietary intake
    D3 - fish, meat
    D2 - supplements

To liver

Become - 25-hydroxyvitamin D3

To kidney

1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D3 - maintains calcium balance in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is vitamin E stored

A

Non-adipose cells e.g. liver and plasma - labile and fixed pool

Adipose tissue - foxed pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the role of vitamin E

A

Important antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the requirements of vitamin E

A

4 mg/day in men

3 mg/day in women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is vitamin K taken up

A

Rapidly by the liver

Transferred to very low-density lipoproteins which carry it to the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the sources of vitamin K

A

K1 - phylloquinone
- synthesized by plants and present in food

K2 - menaquinone
- synthesised in humans by intestinal bacteria

Synthetic vitamin K’s
- K3 (menadione)
- K4 (menadiol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the functions of vitamin K

A

Activation of some blood clotting factors

Needed for liver synthesis of plasma clotting factors II, VII, IX and X

Can be assessed by measuring prothrombin time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When is the intrinsic clotting factor pathway activated

A

By contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When is the extrinsic pathway activated

A

By FVII coming into contact with tissue factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways do

A

Initiate a cascade - ultimately results in fibrin clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What clotting factors are produced by the liver

A

I (fibrinogen)
II (prothrombin)
IV
V
VI
VII

1,2,4,5,6,7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How can the performance of clotting pathways be measured

A

Using:

  • prothrombin time (PT) - extrinsic pathway
  • International normalised ration (INR)
  • Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) - intrinsic pathway
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where does more detoxification take place

What occurs

A

In the liver

Inactivation and facilitated elimination of drugs and other xenobiotics

Formation of active metabolites with similar or occasionally enhanced activity

Activation of pro-drugs

Toxification of less toxic xenobiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the features of cytochrome P450 enzymes

A

Present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Oxidise the substrate and reduce oxygen

Have cytochrome reductase subunit which uses NADH

Inducible - enzyme activity may be increased by certain drugs, some dietary components and some environmental toxins e.g. smoking

Generate a reactive free radical component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe inactivation of xenobiotic (e.g. phenobarbital)

A

Phenobarbital is a barbiturate derivative

Relatively lipophilic - drug distributes into fat tissue

Amount that remains in plasma is mostly bound to plasma proteins

Only small fraction of drug is found freely dissolved in blood plasma

Elimination of the unmodified drug is thus very slow, and most of the drug is excreted after enzymatic conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Define xenobiotic

A

Chemical compounds that are present in, but foreign to, biologic systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give examples of an active drug may be converted to another active form

A

Opiates - Codeine metabolised to morphine (phase 1 reaction)

Benzodiazepines - diazepam is demethylated in liver (phase-1 reaction) to nordiazepam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to a pro-drug in the liver

A

Inactive drug (pro-drug) may be converted in the liver to an active agent

e.g. loratadine is the pro-drug of desloratadine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are phase 2 reactions

A

Glycoside conjugation - glucuronidation (most common)

Sulphate - sulphation (second most common)

Glutathione (GSH)

Methylation

Acylation

Phosphate conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What enzymes are responsible for phase 2 reactions

A

Transferase enzymes

  • uridine diphosphoglucuronsyl transferase
  • N-acetyl transferase
  • glutathione S-transferase
  • sulphotransferase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What substance does not fit into phase 1 or phase 2 categories

What happens

A

Ethanol - does not need to be conjugated for excretion

Only 2-10% is usually excreted in the urine - is used in the liver as a dietary fuel

Major route via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is are the routes ethanol can use to be metabolised

A

Using ADH

Via microsomal ethanol oxidising system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the role of phase 1 reactions

A

Add functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the role of phase 2 reactions

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the metabolic role of the liver

A

Maintains a continuous supply of energy to the body by controlling the metabolism of CHO and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the liver regulated by

A

Endocrine glands e.g. pancreas, adrenal, thyroid

Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define lipids

A

Esters of fatty acids and glycerol or other compounds (cholesterol)

Large and diverse group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are insoluble in water

Variety of structures and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the composition of a tri(acyl)glyceride

A

1 glycerol molecule esterified to 3 fatty acids (bonded at carboxyl head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe saturated fatty acids

A

Solid at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Describe unsaturated fatty acids

A

Liquid at some temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the functions of lipids

A

Energy reserve

Structure and other functions
- part of cell membranes
- integral to form and functions of cells
- inflammatory cascades

Hormone metabolism
- cholesterol is backbone of adrenocorticoid and sex hormones
- vitamin D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where is the main storage place for glycogen

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How are lipids transported

A

A TGs or FAs bounded to albumin or within lipoproteins

TGs - cannot diffuse through cell membrane

FA - released through lipase to facilitate transport into cells

FA are re-esterified into TG in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How are fatty acids uptake

A

Diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Facilitated transport
- increases if increased substrate (increased supply)
- increases in receptor molecules (increased demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is insulin action

A

Insulin
- fat storage in adipocyte
- stimulates LPL - breakdown of TG
- reduces hormone sensitive lipase - reduces FA export from adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe lipoproteins

A

Consist of a core containing TGs and cholesterol-esters and a surface monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol and specific protein

Protein to lipid ratio varies

Defined by density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When do chylomicrons carry lipids

A

From gut to muscle and adipose tissue

Remnants taken up by liver via receptor mediated endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe cholestrol

A

Liver is major organ in which cholesterol is processed

90% cholesterol is endogenous

Excretion of cholesterol through bile is only export system of cholestrol

Lipoproteins carry TG and cholesterol through the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the three locations of oxidation in the liver

A

Peroxysomal B-oxidation

Mitochondrial B-oxidation

ER oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is fatty acid oxidation proportional to

A

Plasma levels of FFA released from adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is mitochondrial B oxidation involved in

A

Oxidation of fatty acids of various chain lengths

Multistep process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the main role of peroxisomal B oxidation

A

Very long chain fatty acids (>C 20)

2-methyl-branched FAs

Dicarbolic acid - very toxic - inhibiting mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation

Prostanoids

C-27 bile acid intermediaries

4 step process - repeated to shorten chain length. Carried out by at least 2 enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the role of mitrochondrial oxidation

A

Minor metabolic pathway - in fat overload increases

CYP4A enzymes oxidise saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

59
Q

Describe albumin

A

Single polypeptide protein MW 66000

9-12g produced by the liver each day

Possible to increase this threefold

Leaves circulation via intersititium

Collected by lymphatics

Returned via thoracic duct

Rate known as - transcapillary escape rate

60
Q

What are the roles of albumin

A

Binding and transport

Maintainance of colloid osmotic pressure

Free radicals

Anticoagulant effects

61
Q

What are the reasons for albumin decrease

A

Decreased synthesis

Increased catabolism

Increased loss

62
Q

What are the consequences for decreased albumin

A

Decreased colloid osmotic pressure

Decreased ligand binding

63
Q

What diseases are associated with low albumin

A

Malnutrition
Liver disease
Renal disease
Burns/trauma
Sepsis

64
Q

What is the role of bile

A

Lipid digestion and absorption

Cholesterol and homeostasis

Excretion of lipid soluble xenobiotics/drug metabolise/heavy metals

65
Q

Describe bile

A

Complex lipid-rich micellar solution (water, inorganic electrolytes and organic solutes - bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile pigments)

Isosmotic with plasma

66
Q

How much bile is produced a day

A

500-600 mls

67
Q

What does the formation of bile depend on

A

Hepatic synthesis and canalicular secretion of bile acids

68
Q

What is the maintenance of hepatic bile formation essential for

A

Normal liver function

69
Q

What are most (95%) of bile acids secreted by

A

Hepatocyte have been previously secreted into intestines (enterohepatic circulation)

70
Q

What does bile acids being amphipathic do

A

Amphipathic - hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Reduce surface tension and aid emulsification

71
Q

Describe emulsification

A

Fat (TG) is insoluble in water

Emulsification - acts to increase SA for lipolysis. Stable emulsion important for the close apposition of lipase and TG

Lipases act at the surface of emulsified droplets and liberate FA from the glycerol backbone of G (lipolysis)

72
Q

What are the functions of bile acids

A

Induce bile flow (osmotic effect)
Secretion of biliary lipids (PL and cholesterol)

Digestion of dietary fats

Facilitates protein absorption

Cholesterol homeostasis

Antimicrobial

Prevent calcium gallstones and oxalate renal stones

73
Q

What are the two variations adipose tissue

A

White or brown

74
Q

Where is white adipose tissue mainly found

A

Adults

75
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue mainly found

A

Newborns

76
Q

What are the histological features of white fat

A

Large unilocular lipid droplet pushing the organelles to the periphery of the cell

Look - a network of white polygonal structures

77
Q

What are the histological features of brown fat

A

Centrally positioned nucleus surrounded by multiple lipid droplets on the periphery of the cell

Look - a net of cells filled with numerus empty vacuoles

78
Q

What is the main role of white adipocytes

A

Energy storage

Store fat in form of triglycerides inside their cytoplasmic lipid droplets - helps to maintain free fatty acid levels in the blood

79
Q

What is adipose tissue considered as

A

Endocrine organ

Leptin

80
Q

Describe lipolysis

A

Triglycerides hydrolysed (by triglyceride lipase) forms fatty acids + glycerol

Fatty acids bind to albumin - transported to liver - enter hepatocytes

Glycerol converted to glycerol-3-phopshate - enters glycolysis pathway

81
Q

Describe beta-oxidation

A

Fatty acids are oxidised and degregated (in mitochondria)

Two carbon segments are progressively released from fatty acid chain until acetyl CoA generated

NADH and FADH2 = biproducts

Acetyl-CoA immediately binds with oxaloacetate = forms citrate = enters TCA cycle

82
Q

Where does the urea cycle occur

A

Mitochondria and cytoplasm of hepatocyte

83
Q

What is the importance of urea cycle

A

Convert toxic ammonia to harmless urea which is excreted

84
Q

What is liver synthesis stimulated by

A

Insulin

Growth homrone

85
Q

What are the plasma proteins synthesised in the liver

A

Albumin

Globulin

Fibrinogen

CRP (an infection marker)

Clotting factors - 2, 7, 9 and 10 - vitamin K dependent

Thrombopoietin

Angiotensinogen

86
Q

What happens in tissue amino acid depletion

A

Plasma proteins can be degraded and released back into the blood as amino acids for tissue to use in protein synthesis

87
Q

What vital role do plasma proteins play

A

Provide oncotic pressure in the blood - meaning they hold water in the plasma

88
Q

What does UV (sunlight) convert 7-dehydrocholestrol into

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

89
Q

What does the liver convert Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 into)

A

25-hydroyvitamin D3

90
Q

What is vitamin C found in

A

Fresh fruit and vegetables

91
Q

How much vitamin C does an adult need a day

A

40mg/day

92
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C

A

Collagen synthesis

Antioxidant

Iron absorption

93
Q

What are the two active forms of vitamin B12

A

Methylcobalamin

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

94
Q

What is vitamin B12 important in

A

Intrinsic factor production in the stomach

95
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed

A

Terminal ileum

96
Q

Where is vitamin B12 stored

A

In the liver

97
Q

Where is folate found

A

Foods fortified with folic acid

98
Q

When are requirements of folate higher

A

Pregnancy

99
Q

What are the functions of folate

A

Coenzyme in methylation reactions

DNA synthesis

Synthesis of methionine from homocysteine

100
Q

What is the role of phase 1 reactions

A

Functionalisation - non synthetic

Add or expose functional groups -OH, -SH, -NH2, -COOH

Small increase in hydrophilicity

101
Q

What is the role of phase 2 reactions

A

Conjugation - biosynthetic

Conjugation with endogenous molecules - glucuronic acid, sulphate, glutathione

Covalent bond formed

Large increase in hydrophilicity

102
Q

Which reaction has a large increase in hydrophilicity

A

Phase 2 reaction

103
Q

Are glucuronides polar or non polar

A

Polar - hydrophilic

104
Q

What predominates in phase 1 metabolism

A

Cytochromes

Induction - one drug can induce numerous cytochrome isoenzymes

Genetics - genetic variation especially in CYP2D6

105
Q

Give examples of CYP3A4

A

Paracetamol

Codeine

Diazepam

106
Q

Give examples of CYP2D6

A

Amitriptyline

Codeine

107
Q

What drug causes reactive intermediates

A

Paracetamol

108
Q

What are two types of enzymes involved in phase 2 reactions

A

Microsomal enzymes

Non microsomal enzymes

109
Q

Describe microsomal enzymes

Location
Sites
Enzymes
Reactions
Inducible?

A

Location - SER

Sites - liver, then kidney, lungs, intestinal mucosa

Enzymes - mono-oxygenase

Reactions - majority of drug biotransformation reaction, oxidative, reductive and hydrolytic and glucuronidation

Inducible by drugs and diet

110
Q

Describe non microsomal enzymes

Location
Sites
Enzymes
Reactions
Inducible?

A

Location - cytoplasm and mitochondria of hepatocytes, other tissue

Enzymes - protein oxidases, esterase, amidases, conjugates

Reactions - non specific enzymes that catalyse few oxidative, a number of reductive and hydrolytic reactions. Conjugate reactions other than glucuronidation

Not inducible but having polymorphism

111
Q

Do all drugs go through phase 1 and 2

A

No - most do

Some can just 1 or 2, or some can do 2-1

112
Q

What is the role of liver detoxification

A

Active drug into inactive drug to excreted by kidneys or faeces

Can
- toxic to non toxic metabolise
- prodrug to inactive dug

113
Q

What are the two most important families of the cytochrome P450

A

CYP3A4 (50%)

CYP206 (20%)

Do most of the detoxification

114
Q

What it the role of cytochrome P450 - phase 1

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolyse

To make a non polar drug to a polar and water soluble

115
Q

What can affect phase 1

A

Polymorphism - rapid metabolism (CYP2D6) = decrease in active drug

OR

Slow metabolism = takes a while to make it an active drug. Toxic side effects

Liver disease - can develop toxicity

116
Q

Describe phase 2

A

Take a drug that’s not water/polar enough = aim is to make it more polar and more water soluble

Transferase enzymes add groups - conjugation reactions
- methyl
- acetyl
- sulphate
- glutathione
- glucoronate

May have come from phase 1 may not have

Aim it to excrete easier

117
Q

What reactions occur in phase 2

A

Conjugation reactions by transferase enzymes

118
Q

What reactions occur in phase 1

A

Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis by cytochrome P450

119
Q

Define oxidation

A

Substance reacting with an oxygen to produce an oxide

120
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Broken down into its components by adding water

121
Q

Define reduction

A

Loss of electrons

122
Q

How long do lipid reserves last

A

30-40 days

123
Q

How long do muscle (protein) reserves last

A

7-10 days

124
Q

Describe a white fat cell

A

Uniocular cell

Contain a lipid droplet and cytoplasm

Have a nucleus which is flat and at the edge of the cell

Usually around 0.1mm in diameter

125
Q

What is the fat inside white fat cells

A

Mainly made up of triglycerides and cholesterol ester

Stored in semi-liquid form

126
Q

Describe brown fat cells

A

Multicular cell

Multiple vacuoles

Shaped like polygons

Contain more cytoplasm than white cells

Fat droplets are scattered throughout them

Nucleus is round and at the centre of the cell

127
Q

What is the role of brown fat

A

Generate heat energy

Contain many mitochondria - gives the brownish appearance

128
Q

What is the role of white fat cells

A

Energy storage

129
Q

What type of fat is mainly found in newborns

A

Brown adipose tissue

130
Q

Where in an adult would you find brown fat

A

It remains in some regions only, such as; retroperitoneal space, around major vessels, deep cervical and supraclavicular regions of the neck, interscapular, paravertebral regions of the back and mediastinum.

131
Q

Describe the location of Calot’s triangle

A

Small anatomical space in the abdomen

Located at the porta hepatis in the liver - where the hepatic ducts and neurovascular structures enter/exit the liver

132
Q

What are the borders of the Calot’s triangle

A

Medial - common hepatic duct

Inferior - cystic duct

Superior - inferior surface of the liver

133
Q

What are the contents of the Calot’s triangle

A

Right hepatic artery

Cystic artery

Lymph node of Lund - the lymph node of the gallbladder

Lymphatics

134
Q

Describe the segments of the liver

A

Eight functional segments.

Each segment is served by its own branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and by its own hepatic duct.

135
Q

What are the impressions on the visceral surface of the liver

A

Gastric

Oesophageal

Suprarenal

Renal

Colic

Duodenal area

Gallbladder fossa

136
Q

Describe albumin

A

Single polypeptide protein MW 6600

9-12g produced by the liver each day

137
Q

Define Transcapillary escape rate

A

Albumin leaves the circulation via interstitium

Collected by lymphatics

Returned via thoracic duct

138
Q

What are the 4 functions of albumin

A

Binding and transport

Maintenance of colloid osmotic pressure

Free radicals

Anticoagulant effects

139
Q

What are the 3 reasons for a decrease in albumin

A

Decreased synthesis

Increases catabolism

Increased loss

140
Q

What are the 2 consequences of decreased albumin

A

Decreased colloid oncotic pressure

Decreased ligand binding

141
Q

Where is albumin synthesised

A

By liver hepatocytes

Rapidly excreted into the blood stream at a rate of about 10gm to 15gm per day

142
Q

What can Transcapillary Escape rate by determined by

A
  1. Capillary and interstitial free albumin concentration
  2. Capillary permeability to albumin
  3. Movement of solute/solvent
  4. Electric charges across the capillary wall (albumin has a strongly negative charge)
143
Q

Describe complement factors

A

Part of the innate immune system

Underlies one of the main effector mechanisms of antibody-mediated immunity

144
Q

How is alcohol metabolised in the liver

A

Alcohol converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase

Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then coverts acetaldehyde into acetate

Then this is broken down into carbon dioxide and CO2

SUGER (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions