reproduction, neruons + action potentials

Question 1

male reproductive system consists of…

Answer 1

seminal vesicle, testis, penis, bladder, prostate, scrotum, erectile tissue, rectum, urethra

Question 2

seminal vesicle

Answer 2

2 small glands that secretes fluid that partly corpses semen
between bladder and rectum
fluid consists of nutrients to help support sperm until fertilisation and provide defence for sperm in environment of vagina/uterus
during ejaculation, the fluid is mixed with sperm in ejaculatory ducts before being released through urethra

Question 3

testis

Answer 3

produces sperm for reproduction and androgens
2 testis that are contained within the scrotum

Question 4

penis

Answer 4

primary sexual organ that males use to inseminate females during intercourse
intermittent organ
consists of cone shaped ‘glans’ at the head which at birth is covered by foreskin
glans is joined by crownlike structure, ‘corona’ to the ‘shaft’ of the penis which contains erectile tissue
urethra runs through penis, connecting with ejaculatory duct providing passage for sperm to be deposited during copulation as well as to the bladder

Question 5

intermittent organ

Answer 5

external organ specialised in the delivery of sperm

Question 6

bladder

Answer 6

hollow organ used for storage of urine from kidneys before disposal by urination
3 openings - ureters enter bladder at ureteric orifices, with urethra entering trigone of bladder
males - prostate is located outside opening for urethra, bladder is located in front of the rectum
females - bladder located in front of uterus

Question 7

prostate

Answer 7

produce fluid that forms part of semen
acts as mechanical switch between urination and ejaculation
located below bladder in males with urethra passing through prostate
secretion of urethra within prostate is known as prostatic urethra - where urethra meets ejaculatory ducts
prostate changes shape due to contractions of 2 muscle systems - urethral dilator and musculus ejaculatorius

Question 8

musculus ejaculatorius

Answer 8

contracts to hold the urethra in ejaculatory state

Question 9

urethral dilator

Answer 9

widens prostatic urethra to allow for flow of urine

Question 10

scrotum

Answer 10

protrusion of abdominal walls in males, located below penis, containing testis and spermatic cord
cremaster muscle

Question 11

cremaster muscle

Answer 11

cover testis and spermatic cord
main function - control retraction of testis toward body in order to maintain temperature

Question 12

erectile tissue

Answer 12

tissue within body with numerous vascular spaces, that may become engorged with blood
during an erection, erectile tissue in the corpora cavernosa of penis shaft becomes engorged with arterial blood

Question 13

rectum

Answer 13

final straight portion of large intestine
approx 12cm long and connects to anus
acts as temporary storage space for faecal material passed from colon

Question 14

urethra

Answer 14

fibrous, muscular tube that connects urinary bladder to urinary meatus and allows for urination
used only for urinating in females
used during ejaculation for passage of semen in males

Question 15

female reproductive system consists of…

Answer 15

vagina, ovary, cervix, fallopian tubes

Question 17

vagina

Answer 17

elastic, muscular part of female genital tact
extends from vulva to cervix

Question 18

ovary

Answer 18

produces ovum (egg)
when released, egg travels down the fallopian tube into uterus, where it may become fertilised by sperm
ovary found on each side of the body
secrete hormones that play a role in menstrual cycle and fertility

Question 19

cervix

Answer 19

secondary sex organ
upper end of uterus is connected to oviducts and its in the uterus that foetus develops during gestation
human uterus is pear shaped, about 7.6cm long, 4.5cm broad, 3cm thick

Question 20

fallopian tubes

Answer 20

human oviducts
ovums released from ovaries during ovulation stage of menstrual cycle are passed along fallopian tubes with fertilisation occurring in ampulla section
early development of zygote occurs in fallopian tubes, with zygote reaching uterus and attaching to uterine wall around 5th/6th day

Question 21

male and female reproductive systems produce different gametes

Answer 21

male - sperm cells
female - ovum cells

Question 22

how many chromosomes of DNA do cells contain

Answer 22

13

Question 23

human fertilisation

Answer 23

process in which sperm and ovum fuse to form a zygote

Question 24

how does fertilisation occur

Answer 24

Fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes with progesterone released from cells near the ovum acting to attract the sperm toward the egg

Question 25

what happens once fertilisation has occured

Answer 25

Once fertilisation has occurred, reaction occurs in the outer membrane of the ovum which essentially ‘hardens’ the shell, prevening further sperm from fusing with egg. Zygote will begin undergoing mitosis, reaching the uterus roughly 5 days after fertilisation, by which time it’ll consist of between 70-100 cells and have begun to undergo differentiation

Question 26

body of gamete

Answer 26

located between head and tail takes up about 10% of length of sperm contains central filament like structure at its core with tightly packed mitochronida spiralled around it that provides energy to cell

Question 27

head of gamete

Answer 27

takes up abut 10% of the length of the cell males - head normally forms egg like shape contains nucleus and DNA

Question 28

tail (flagellum) of gamete

Answer 28

key to movement, whipping back and forth to propel sperm through female reproductive system takes up about 80% of length of cell movement is driven by chemical changes that occur in sperm cell when exposed to environmental of female reproductive system

Question 29

acrosomal cap of gamete

Answer 29

sits on top of head of sperm and contains variety of enzymes