brain structures

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

Coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals to and from parts of the body

Question 2

nervous system has 2 major divisions

Answer 2

central and perisperhal

Question 3

protection of central NS

Answer 3

skull and spine, meninges, blood brain barrier

Question 4

meninges

Answer 4

dura matter (hard mother), arachnoid mater or membrane, Pia mater

Question 5

meningitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Question 6

meningitis infections

Answer 6

bacterial - generally more severe
also arise from fungal infections, autoimmune diseases or certain medication

Question 7

meningitis symptoms

Answer 7

severe headaches, neck stiffness, fever, sensitivity to light and confusion

Question 8

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 8

fills the subarachnoid space, central canal of the spinal cord and cerebral ventricles, supports and cushions the brain

Question 9

blood brain barrier

Answer 9

prevents toxic substances crossing from the blood to the brain, have tight junctions to prevent molecules moving from the inside of the capillary to the outside

Question 10

peripheral NS divided into 2 parts

Answer 10

autonomic and somatic

Question 11

autonomic NS

Answer 11

regulates internal environment and involuntary actions, controls smooth muscle of viscera (internal organs) and glands, regiulates individual organ function and homeostasis, efferent and afferent nerves

Question 12

somatic NS

Answer 12

interacts with external environment and voluntary action, consists of afferent nerves, efferent nerves, peripheral nerve fibres and motor nerve fibres

Question 13

afferent nerves

Answer 13

carry signals to CNS (arrive)

Question 14

efferent nerves

Answer 14

carry signals away from CNS (escape)

Question 15

2 different kinds of efferent nerves

Answer 15

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 16

peripheral nerve fibres

Answer 16

send sensory information to CNS

Question 17

motor nerve fibres

Answer 17

project to skeletal muscle

Question 18

what happens in the body when parasympathetic NS is activated?

Answer 18

pupil constriction, slow heartbeat, constrict airways, stimulates bile release, blood vessels constriction, stimulates activity in digestive system, relaxation in uterus, increases urinary output

Question 19

what happens in the body when sympathetic NS is activated

Answer 19

pupils dilate, increases heartbeat, dilates airways, stimulates secretion in sweat gland, increases rate of glycogen to glucose, decreases digestive activity, stimulates production of adrenaline in adrenal glands, vaginal contraction, relaxes bladder

Question 20

what’s the collection of cell bodies called in CNS

Answer 20

nuclei

Question 21

whats the collection of cell bodies called in PNS

Answer 21

ganglion

Question 22

whats the collection of axons called in CNS

Answer 22

tracts

Question 23

whats the collection of axons called in PNS

Answer 23

nerves

Question 24

how much does the adult brain weigh

Answer 24

3.5lbs (1.5kg)

Question 25

how much does the brain weigh at birth

Answer 25

1lbs

Question 26

how much does the brain weigh at 6

Answer 26

3lbs

Question 27

how much of the bodys oxygen supply does the brain use

Answer 27

20%

Question 28

how much of the body energy does the brain use

Answer 28

20-30%

Question 29

how many nerves does the brain have

Answer 29

86 billion

Question 30

how many synapses does each neuron have

Answer 30

10,000

Question 31

how many synaptic connections are there in the brain

Answer 31

86 trillion

Question 32

how fast does the message for action travels from the brain to the muscles

Answer 32

250mph

Question 33

brain

Answer 33

makes sure the body is in working order, with no conscious involvement

Question 34

brain is divided into 2 hemispheres

Answer 34

connected by tracts, cerebral cortex

Question 35

cerebral cortex

Answer 35

layer of tissue which covers the brain

Question 36

sulcus

Answer 36

groove or furrow on the surface of the brain, within a lobe and delimits gyri

Question 37

fissure

Answer 37

long narrow crack (deep sulcus), separates one lobe from another

Question 38

greys (gyri)

Answer 38

ridge or fold on the surface of the brain

Question 39

lobe

Answer 39

roundish flattish projecting or hanging part of something

Question 40

5 major divisions of the brain located in 3 areas

Answer 40

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 41

2 divisions of the forebrain

Answer 41

telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 42

structures in the telencephalon

Answer 42

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic structure, motor cortex

Question 43

structures in the diencephalon

Answer 43

thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 44

division in the midbrain

Answer 44

mesencephalon

Question 45

structures in the mesencephalon

Answer 45

tectum, tegmentum

Question 46

2 divisions in the hindbrain

Answer 46

mesencephalon and myelencephalon

Question 47

structures in the metencephalon

Answer 47

cerebellum, pons

Question 48

structure in the myelencephalon

Answer 48

medulla

Question 49

cerebellum

Answer 49

receives visual, auditory, vestibular (balance) and somatosensory (movement, balance, posture) information. Modulates motor commands. Involved in precise skilled movements

Question 50

pons

Answer 50

plays a role in sleep/arousal. Has a role in the control of facial muscles, tongue, eyes

Question 51

medulla

Answer 51

involved in the control of the cardiovascular system, respiration, muscle tone, swallowing, coughing

Question 52

tectum

Answer 52

involved in eye movement and auditory system

Question 53

tegmentum

Answer 53

movement, controls stereotypical behaviour, involved in reducing pain perception during fighting and opiate drug use

Question 54

basal ganglia

Answer 54

group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control, as motor learning, executive functions and behaviours and emotion

Question 55

limbic system

Answer 55

emotion, pleasure, and memory of emotional events (fleeing, fighting, feeding, sexual behaviour), includes amygdala, hippocampus and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus, regulates emotion, fear and motivation

Question 56

cerebral cortex

Answer 56

grey matter, ‘human parts’ (thinking, intelligence, planning, personality, language, motor function), largest site of neural integration in CNS, plays key role in attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, language and consciousness

Question 57

motor cortex

Answer 57

planning, controlling, and executing voluntary movements

Question 58

thalamus

Answer 58

controls input to the cerebral cortex and communication to rest of the body, consists of many nuclei, helps regulate states of consciousness vs sleep

Question 59

hypothalamus

Answer 59

controls the ANS, role in sleep/arousal, control of endocrine system via pituitary gland hormones, regulates pituitary gland which controls release of hormones, indirectly regulates functions

Question 60

brain stem

Answer 60

connects and transmits signals from the brain to the spinal cord, controlling functions such as breathing, heart rate and alertness

Question 61

how many synaptic connections in the brain

Answer 61

86 trillion

Question 62

connectome

Answer 62

map of all connections in the brain

Question 63

connectome of nematode worm

Answer 63

7000 synaptic connections

Question 64

location - top

Answer 64

dorsal

Question 65

location - botom

Answer 65

ventral

Question 66

location - front

Answer 66

anterior/rostral

Question 67

location - back

Answer 67

posterior/caudal

Question 68

location - middle

Answer 68

medial

Question 69

location - side

Answer 69

lateral

Question 70

sagittal section

Answer 70

looking from the side

Question 71

coronal/frontal/transverse section

Answer 71

looking head on

Question 72

horizontal section

Answer 72

look down from above