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Farm Animal Reproduction > Reproduction Manipulation > Flashcards

Reproduction Manipulation Flashcards

1
Q

How long after misalliance should you treat and what with?

A

7 days

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2
Q

What administration precautions must you be aware of with prostaglandin?

A

Causes abortion in pregnant women

Causes bronchoconstriction in asthmatics

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3
Q

At what time after service can you diagnose a pregnancy?

A

28 days

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4
Q

What drugs can you use as abortive agents and when will they work?

A

Prostaglandin - before 100 days
(Can give up to 150 days but the placenta starts producing progesterone after this)

Dexamethasone - best to use after 100 days

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5
Q

What is a risk to the dam if you abort / induce her?

A

RFM

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6
Q

How long does a cow need to recover post caesarean?

A

3 months

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7
Q

What are the rectal palpation findings in a pregnant cow at 3 months?

A

20mm cotyledons

Uterine arteries puny and pulsating

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8
Q

What are the findings from rectal palpation of a 4 month pregnant cow?

A

Cotyledons - 25mm

Uterine artery to pregnant horn is 2-3mm and has a thrill

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9
Q

What are the rectal palpation findings in a cow that is 5 months pregnant?

A

Cotyledons - 30mm

Uterine artery 7-9mm and thrill

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10
Q

What are the benefits of synchronising heifers?

A

Calve down 3-4 weeks early so they have more time to involute
Improves conception rates
Uniform calf size
Reduces disease spread

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11
Q

What length service period should the farmer use for cows vs heifers?

A 
9 weeks (3 cycles) for cows
6 weeks (2 cycles) for heifers - need to synchronise
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12
Q

Discuss the advantages / disadvantages of Spring vs Autumn calving.

A

Spring calving - better fertility at first service as on a rising plane of nutrition, low BCS at calving as just overwintered = reduced dystocia, turned out on to lush pastures

Autumn calving - poorer fertility at service, can get fat before labour = dystocia risk

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13
Q

How should you advise a farmer manages his heifers?

A

Small heifers need to be 60% adult bwt at service
6 week service period (calve down 3w before adults)
Wean calf 1m early to allow for heifer growth
Calve down at 24m
Use smaller Bulls

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14
Q

Describe the 7 day co-sync protocol.

A

Indications - heifers that are already cycling

Day 0 - GnRH and insert PRID
Day 7 - remove PRID and inject prostaglandin
Serve 56-72h later and give GnRH at service

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15
Q

Describe an ovo-sync protocol.

A

Can be used in heifers that are not cycling but does not produce the best pregnancy rates.

Day 0 - GnRH
Day 7 - prostaglandin
Day 9 - GnRH
Day 10 - serve - 16-25 hours later

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16
Q

Describe a prostaglandin based protocol.

A

Day 0 - prostaglandin
Day 11 - prostaglandin
Serve in 72h

1/2 should come bulling with the first prostaglandin injection - serve these, then serve the other half after the second injection

Using a prostaglandin protocol with oestrus observation has a better pregnancy rate than fixed time AI

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17
Q

How can you synchronise beef cows that have calved at the end of their batch?

A

SIDR protocol.
Allow 6-8w sexual rest after calving

Day 0: SIDR inserted
Day 6: prostaglandin injection
Day 7: SIDR removed

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18
Q

What are the trade names of drugs used to manipulate oestrus?

A

GnRH (Receptal / chorulon) Im
Progesterone (PRID) Intra-vaginal
Prostaglandin - cloprosterol (Estrumate) Im
Prostaglandin - dinoprost (lutylase) IM

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19
Q

How many days in milk should a cow be pregnant by to maintain a 360 day calving interval?

A

80 days

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20
Q

When will you see a cow first in heat post-calving?

A

Ovulate a silent oestrus at around 14 days (low oestrogen due to underdeveloped follicles due to low progesterone)

Will first show oestrus at around 42 days (2nd cycle post calving)

21
Q

When should you suggest routine fertility visits?

A

200+ cows - weekly
100-200 cows - every two weeks
100 cow - monthly

22
Q

What animals should you see at a routine fertility visit?

A 
Pregnant cows
NSBs
Post calving checks - at 21 days post calving 
History of abortion
Additional checks for twins
Problem cows
23
Q

How long should the voluntary waiting period be?

A

50 days

24
Q

What other methods of pregnancy diagnosis are available?

A

Palpation - from the 8th week
No return to oestrus
Ballottment
Blood tests
- oestrogen sulphate - from 52nd day
- progesterone in milk - robot milkers from 21st day
- pregnancy associated glyco-proteins - from 28 days

25
Q

What is the normal size of an active CL?

A

Up to 30mm external diameter

A 30mm CL and smaller follicles suggest that the CL is dominant and follicles developing
- won’t ovulate until luteolysis occurs

26
Q

What is the normal size of a dominant follicle?

A

Up to 25mm internal diameter (usually dominant at about 20mm)

27
Q

How soon after giving prostaglandin will you see a cow come into oestrus with a dominant CL and developing follicles?

A

2-5 days

28
Q

What is the benefit of giving prostaglandin to induce ovulation?

A

Shortens calving to conception

29
Q

What is dioestrus?

A

Luteal phase

30
Q

What is proestrus?

A

Coming up to oestrus

31
Q

What is oestrus?

A

Oestrus signs, oestrogen high , progesterone low, LH causes ovulation to occur

32
Q

What is metoestrus?

A

The period straight after oestrus when lutenisation occurs

33
Q

What could you do if you find a dominant follicle on one ovary?

A

Tell farmer to observe for oestrus - billing string, standing to be mounted

Or give GnRH then serve

34
Q

Signs of poor oestrus detection?

A

Long inter-service period (over 18-24 days)

Poor pregnancy rate

35
Q

What methods of oestrus detection are available?

A

Observation for 3 and half hour slots per day
Pedometer
Tail paint
Scratch cards
Progesterone low in milk - robot milkers
Teaser bull

36
Q

What will you see on vaginal exam when a cow has already ovulated / in metoestrus?

A

Vaginal discharge with flecks of blood in it

Closed cervix

37
Q

When can you expect a resumption of cyclicity in beef cattle?

A

90 days

38
Q

When can you expect a resumption of cyclicity in dairy cows?

A

2-3w

Ovulate a silent oestrus at 14 days

39
Q

What will you find during proestrus on vaginal exam?

A

Closed cervix, a little bit of watery discharge

40
Q

What will you find on vaginal exam during oestrus?

A

Open cervix

Bulling string

41
Q

What size does a CL need to be to be responsive to prostaglandin?

A

Over 20mm

42
Q

What are the risk factors for follicular cysts?

A 
Negative energy balance 
Mastitis, metritis, lameness
High BCS at drying off
High parity
High yielding
Twins
Periparturient problems
Oestrogenic grasses
43
Q

How can you treat a follicular cyst?

A

GnRH
Pop the cyst
Aspirate the cyst under u/s guidance

44
Q

How should you treat a cystic CL?

A

Prostaglandin or

PRID

45
Q

When would you suspect a twin pregnancy?

A

When you can see two CLs

46
Q

What are the problems associated with twin pregnancies?

A 
Freemartinism 
Reduced DMI - ketosis
Reduces placental attachment 
LDAs 
Metritis
Hypocalcaemia
RFM
47
Q

What are some differentials for poor fertility?

A 
RFM
Cysts
Persistent CL
Nutritional anoestrus 
Oestrus not observed 
Silent oestrus
48
Q

At what stage of the oestrus cycle is the CL responsive to prostaglandin?

A

6-18

49
Q

How soon after giving GnRH will the cow cow come into oestrus?

A

If developed follicles present - 2-3 days

Follicular wave about to undergo atresia - 4-7 days

Farm Animal Reproduction (7 decks)

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