Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Farm Animal Reproduction > Abortion > Flashcards

Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Want is the maximum acceptable abortion rate on a farm?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some causes of non-infectious abortion?

A

Nutrition - selenium deficiency, NEB
Hormone abnormalities
Aflatoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What abortive agent can cause abortion at any time during gestation?

A

BVD
Salmonella
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which abortive agent only causes abortion in early pregnancy?

A

Trichomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What abortive agent only causes abortion in mid pregnancy?

A

Neospora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List some primary abortive agents

A 
Brucella abortus
BVD 
Leptospirosis borgspetersenii
Neospora 
BHV 1
Parainfluenza 3 
Bacillus lichenoformis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

List some secondary abortive agents.

A 
Gram +
Arcanobacter pyogenes
Listeria monocytogenes 
Staph aureus
Beta haemolytic strep
Gram - 
E.coli 
Salmonella Dublin
Salmonella typhimurium
Fusobacterium necrophorum Histophilus somni
Leptospira borgspetersenii 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Others: Mycoplasma bovigenitalium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus infected with BHV1?

A

Centrilobular necrosis of the liver

Bronchitis and vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus with BVD in utero infection?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia
Cataract
Myocarditis
Pale liver
Hypoxia changes in foetus due to placentitis
Radio-opaque lines in the developing bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What lesions will you find in a foetus with iodine deficiency?

A

Thyroid hyperplasia

Large thyroid weight compared to BWt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What lesions will you see in selenium and vitamin E deficiency?

A

Myocardial degeneration in foetus
Chorionitis
Evidence of secondary bacterial invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does the foetus start to develop a T cell immune system?

A

90-120 days of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a notifiable cause of abortion?

A

Brucella abortus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can you monitor for brucellosis in a herd and what samples must you take in a suspected case?

A

Bulk milk test - monitoring

Dam blood + vaginal swab + milk sample in a suspected case

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How can you control brucellosis?

A

AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a major source of BHV1?

A

The Bulls

Virus lies latent and recrudescence at times of stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can you diagnose BHV1?

A

ELISA

Intra-vaginal or intra-nasal swabs for PCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can you prevent BHV1?

A

Vaccination

Ensure bull is not infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the most common cause of bovine abortion the uk?

A

Neospora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is neospora spread?

A

By dogs - oocytes can be shed in faeces

Transplacental transfer from cow to cow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When does neospora cause abortion?

A

4-6 months of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which group of animals are at the highest risk of abortion?

A

Congenitally infected heifers in their first gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the possible outcomes of neospora infection?

A

Abortion
Clinically normal Calf born carrying infection
Uninfected weak calf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can you diagnose neospora infection?

A

Maternal serology
- test ping calf at birth can show dam infection

Brain histopathology on a dead Foetus

25
Q

How can abortion patterns indicate the source of infection with neospora?

A

Abortion storm - exogenous infection (oocysts)

Endemic, low, chronic levels - endogenous infection (trans-placental)

26
Q

How can you control neospora?

A

Keep dogs away from cattle feed and water
Don’t allow dogs to scavenge bovine carcasses

Cull seropositives
Breed to beef
Use sexed semen to get more heifers from uninfected animals

27
Q

At what stage of pregnancy does foetal reabsorption occur with BVD?

A

0-95 days

1st trimester

28
Q

At what stage of gestation is a persistently infected calf created if infected with BVD?

A

95-120 days

2nd trimester

29
Q

Infection with BVD at what stage of gestation creates a sero-positive foetus +/- congenital lesions, or abortion due to placentitis?

A

120-285 days

3rd trimester

30
Q

What BVD bio types cause what types of disease?

A

Pestivirus genotype 1 is the causative agent of BVD in Europe

Non-cytopathic biotype - crosses fetomaternal barrier
Cytopathic biotype - mucosal disease

31
Q

What is the effect of BVD infection in the herd?

A

Lowered pregnancy rate due to reproductive system damage

Abortion

32
Q

What effect does BVD have on the persistently infected calf?

A

Causes immunosuppression - risk of other disease
Poor doers
She’s virus
Get mucosal disease when infected with a cytopathic biotype
- ulcerations of the mucosa
- diarrhoea
- concurrent respiratory disease due to immunosuppression

33
Q

What congenital abnormalities are commonly caused by BVD if infected between 120 and 285 days of gestation?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia
Micropthalmia
Cataracts

34
Q

How can you diagnose BVD in a herd?

A

Quarterly Bulk milk Ab - doesn’t detect PIs
Ear tag Ag testing - detects PIs (9-18wo)
5 blood tests bet group
- heparin tube for antigen
- serum tube for antibodies

35
Q

How can you control BVD in a herd?

A

Vaccination before the first breeding
Test the bull - blood and semen
Test any bought in animals
Good biosecurity
Cull persistently infected animals (ear tag test)
Don’t co-graze with sheep - border disease risk

36
Q

What are the two strains of leptospirosis that cause abortion in cattle?

A

Leptospira interrogans
Leptospira borgspetersenii

Not leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae - causes jaundice and renal failure

ZOONOTIC

37
Q

What are the clinical presentation of leptospirosis?

A

Latent phase - no clinical signs

Persistent infection - infertility, shedding into environment

Acute infection - abortion, still birth, weak calves
Milk drop
Flabby bag! Empty and flaccid udders
Retained foetal membranes

38
Q

How can you diagnose leptospirosis?

A

Bulk milk antibody testing - shows infection has been there
Microagglutination test on blood serum

Immunfluroescence / PCR on aborted tissues, blood or urine
= most diagnostic

39
Q

How can you treat leptospirosis?

A

Long courses of antibiotics
Dihydrostreptomycin
Oxytetracycline / doxycycline

40
Q

What control methods ca you employ to keep leptospirosis out?

A

Test or avoid bought in animals
Use AI instead of a bull
Do not do graze with sheep
Fence off water courses

Vaccinate all breeding stock and replacements from 4mo
- annual boosters

41
Q

What is the most common cause of salmonella abortion in cattle?

A

Salmonella Dublin

Auto genius vaccines available

42
Q

What is the seasonality of Salmomellosis?

A

Abortion in September to December

43
Q

What are common sources of salmonella?

A

Soya

Feed and water contaminated by bird faeces

44
Q

When should you vaccinate against salmonella Dublin?

A

2 months before calving

45
Q

How else can you control salmonella Dublin?

A 
Vaccinate
Calve outside in the summer
Good hygiene
Treat and cases 
Reduce stress (increases shedding)
46
Q

How does campylobacter foetus venereallis present?

A

Mild endometritis
Apparent infertility due to early embryonic loss (1st 3w)
Abortion in mid to late gestation (4m onwards)

47
Q

How can you diagnose campylobacter foetus venereallis?

A

Preputial washing in Bulls

Vaginal mucus aspiration in cows for culture

48
Q

How does abortion due to trichomonas foetus present?

A

Natural service spreads infection

Abortion at 2-4m of gestation
Poor pregnancy rates
Pyometra
Endometritis

49
Q

What should you look for in a foetus post mortem in an abortion investigation?

A 
Crown to rump length - indicated gestational age 
Thyroid gland weight 
Fractures / haemorrhages 
Pericarditis
Pleuritic 
Peritonitis
Placentitis 
Liver rupture - dystocia 
Meningeal haemorrhage / oedema
50
Q

What samples should you take in an abortion investigation?

A 
Placentome or placenta 
Spleen - BVD PCR
Liver - IBR + bacteriology
Stomach contents - salmonella + campylobacter 
Kidney - leptospirosis 
Brain - neospora
Left ventricle 
Thyroid
Eyelid - ureaplasma & fungal hyphae in hair follicles 
Paired dam serology
51
Q

What causative agents of abortion can be tested for in a bulk milk sample?

A

BVD
Leptospirosis
IBR
Neospora antibody

BVD antigen PCR can be performed on bulk milk tank if there are less than 300 cows

52
Q

What are the problems with bulk milk tank testing?

A

Dilution effect
Need time to develop antibodies
Can’t tell if it is current infection or historic

53
Q

How can you diagnose campylobacter?

A

Preputial wash from bull
Use phosphate buffered warm saline
Prevent faecal and urine contamination of samples
Send to lab within 4-6 hours

Vaginal mucous collection
Collect a minimum of 12 samples from 12 females

54
Q

What approach should you take to managing BVD?

A

Quarterly bulk milk screening for BVD,p IBR and lepto
If negative - continue as normal
If positive test 1st lactation heifers
Work your way down the different age groups of young stock
Pregnant heifers, bulling heifers, growing heifers

55
Q

What would you suspect if the bulk tank is test positive for BVD antibodies but the 1st lactation heifers are BVD negative?

A

Historic infection

56
Q

How are BVD herds classified using bulk milk tank testing?

A

Ab negative, Ag negative - BVD free
Ab positive, Ag negative - historic infection
Ab positive, Ag positive - current infection

57
Q

What is the most obvious sign of IBR in a herd?

A

Milk drop

58
Q

How can you treat campylobacter?

A

Systemic streptomycin

Sheath lavage with pen/strep

Farm Animal Reproduction (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions