Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human physiology and pharmacology > reproduction lectures > Flashcards

reproduction lectures Flashcards

1
Q

gametogenesis?

A

production of gametes from undifferentiated germ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chromosomes in sex determination?

A

if Y chromosome present then srY gene causes testes to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

srY gene?

A

codes for testis-determining factor. when present fetus develops testes, when absent fetus develops ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

precursors to male and female ducts?

A

wolffian ducts become male tract

mullerian ducts become female tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sex differentiation?

A

if present, testes secrete:
-testosterone
-mullerian inhibiting substane
these hormones both stimulate development of wolffian ducts and degeneration of mullerian ducts.

if no testes in absense of hormones, wolffian ducts regress and mullerian ducts develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mullerian duct becomes?

A

fallopian tube, uterus and upper part of vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

wolffian duct becomes?

A

seminal vesicle, vas deferens and epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

site of sperm production in testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

leydig cells?

A

secrete testosterone in testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sertoli cells?

A

support sperm development

secrete luminal fluid that sperm develop in

secrete androgen-binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

before birth effects of testosterone?

A

masculinizes reproductive tract and promotes descent of testes into scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

testosterone effects sex-specific tissues after brith:?

A

promotes growth and maturation of the reproductive system at puberty

essential for spermatogenesis

maintains reproductive tract throughout childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

testosterone non-reproductive actions?

A

exerts protein anabolic effect

promotes bone growth at puberty

closes epiphyseal plates after conversion to estrogen by aromatase

can induce aggressive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

erection and ejaculation?

A

during sexual arousal erection occurs - blood engorges erectile tissue, penis swells and elongates

sperm ejaculated through urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

scotum?

A

suspended beneath penis

thin walled sac outside of body as sperm can’t develop properly at body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles?

A

in scrotum, contract to regulate temperature in the cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

male reproductive tract order?

A

seminiferous tubules - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

male reproductive accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles - secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins

prostate gland - secretes citrate and enzymes

bulbourethral glands - secrete viscous fluid wit mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

androgen effect?

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

increase sex drive

promote protein synthesis in skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sperm structure?

A

Head = chromosomes and acrosome (enzymes)

midpiece = mitochondria

tail = whiplike movements propel sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

sperm maturation?

A

released into lumen of seminiferous tubules, they are immotile for 20 days.

move to epididymis by peristaltic contractions and flow of fluid. here they acquire motility

move to vas deferens by peristalsis and remain until ejaculation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ovarian follicles?

A

contain one ovum

start as primordial follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Granulosa cells?

A

target cells for estrogen and FSH

secrete inhibin (negative feedback for FSH)

secrete paracrines that support follicle development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

birth canal?

A

cervix and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cervix?
canal leading to the vagina from uterus
26
vagina inner surface?
bathed in acid fluid to protect against bacterial infection
27
uterine tube movement?
fimbrae pick up a released ovum moves through uterine tube, initially through peristaltic contractions but mainly through ciliary actions takes 4 days to reach the uterus
28
completion of oogenesis meiosis?
after fertilisation
29
after follicle ruptures what structure degenerates in ovary?
corpus luteum
30
result of estrogen and progesterone pill?
prevents release of LH and FSH
31
mode of action combined pill?
Follicles don't develop due to changes in FSH LH surge inhibited so no release of ova
32
progesterone only pill?
low dose progesterone, taken all year round cervical mucous changes into thick sperm barrier endometrium unsuitable for implantation inhibition of LH and ovulation
33
GnRH?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone, responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.
34
post-coital contraception method?
levonorgestrel - progesterone antagonist binds to progesterone receptors to prevent response endometrial tissue sloughed off in absence of progesterone
35
female infertility causes?
pelvic inflammatory disease anatomical abnormalities obesity
36
treatment of excessive estrogen?
clomiphene - antiestrogen administered during days 5-10 of the cycle, allows normal secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
37
alpha estrogen receptors?
breast and endometrium
38
beta estrogen receptors?
kidney, intestines, brain.
39
treating gonadotropin deficiency?
elevated prolactin levels cause. dopamine is a prolactin inhibitory factor. bromocriptine and cabergolin are dopamine receptor agonists
40
azoospermia?
failure of testis to develop or descend, causes impaired semen profile
41
oligospermia?
previous inflammatory damage, causes impaired semen profile
42
how many days before ovulation must sperm be introduced into reproductive tract?
within 5 days.
43
events of fertilisation, getting to oocyte?
several sperm try to penetrate corona radiata when through they bind to sperm binding protein this triggers acrosome reaction and enzymes are released allowing sperm to break through zona pellucida and access oocyte
44
fertilisation, once a sperm reaches oocyte?
first sperm to reach binds to a receptor on the oocyte plasma membrane this transports the sperm into the cytoplasm -fusion sperm binding proteins become inactive and zona pellucida hardens preventing polyspermy
45
blastocyst, trophoblast becomes?
fetal placenta
46
blastocyst, inner cell mass becomes?
embryo
47
ectopic pregnancy?
fertilised ovum implants in fallopian tube not endometrial lining. growth of fetus and placenta can cause bleeding and possible rupture
48
trophoblast?
single layer of outer cells of blastocyst required for implantation into endometrial lining and develops into placenta
49
blastocoele?
fluid filled cavity that develops into the amniotic sac
50
late embryonic and fetal development?
by 5 weeks the placenta is functioning and the heart is beating
51
placenta 3 main functions?
free exchange of energy, nutrients and waste products immunological barrier between mother and fetus secretes hormones to support development of fetus and prepare the mother to support newborn
52
HCG from placenta?
human chorionic gonadotropin sustains the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens and progesterone for the first 2 months of pregnancy
53
maternal changes in second trimester?
approx 6kg weight gain heartburn due to progesterone induced relaxation of oesophageal muscle constipation - progesterone induced relaxation of intestinal muscle return of libido, improved skin tone
54
maternal changes third trimester?
deeper breaths - baby reduces abdominal movement of diagphragm braxton-hicks contractions tired and anxious
55
disorder of pregnancy - eclampsia?
elevated blood pressure - compromises blood flow to fetus, requires plenty of bed rest and even sedation
56
parturition?
birth
57
dilation required to accomodate head?
10cm
58
water breaking?
fetus bears down head first on the cervix, this ruptures amniotic sac and lubricates the cervical canal
59
duration of second stage of labour?
30-90mins
60
second stage of labour?
head of fetus activates cervical stretch receptors to synchronise abdominal and uterine contractions
61
third stage of labour?
30mins past-partum second series of myometrial contractions expel the placenta loss of placenta causes major fall in maternal progesterone and estrogen levels
62
trigger for parturition?
unknown but current theory is that signal comes from the fetus
63
spasmogens?
increase the force and frequency of contractions
64
oxytocin?
type of spasmogen given by slow infusion
65
postaglandins F2 and E2
type of spasmogen intravaginal tablets produce localised contractions so limit side effects.
66
relexants?
reduce frequency and force of contractions
67
relaxants clinical uses?
delay or prevent premature parturition for up to 7 days slow arrest or delivery to undertake therapeutic measures
68
colostrum?
watery milk produced first few days after birth
69
mammary glands?
prolactin stimulates milk synthesis oxytocin stimulates milk ejection reflex
70
how does suckling supress menstrual cycle?
inhibits LH and FSH

Human physiology and pharmacology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions