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Human physiology and pharmacology > reproduction lectures > Flashcards

reproduction lectures Flashcards

1
Q

gametogenesis?

A

production of gametes from undifferentiated germ cells

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2
Q

Chromosomes in sex determination?

A

if Y chromosome present then srY gene causes testes to develop

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3
Q

srY gene?

A

codes for testis-determining factor. when present fetus develops testes, when absent fetus develops ovaries

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4
Q

precursors to male and female ducts?

A

wolffian ducts become male tract

mullerian ducts become female tract

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5
Q

sex differentiation?

A

if present, testes secrete:
-testosterone
-mullerian inhibiting substane
these hormones both stimulate development of wolffian ducts and degeneration of mullerian ducts.

if no testes in absense of hormones, wolffian ducts regress and mullerian ducts develop

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6
Q

mullerian duct becomes?

A

fallopian tube, uterus and upper part of vagina

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7
Q

wolffian duct becomes?

A

seminal vesicle, vas deferens and epididymis

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8
Q

site of sperm production in testes?

A

seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

leydig cells?

A

secrete testosterone in testis

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10
Q

sertoli cells?

A

support sperm development

secrete luminal fluid that sperm develop in

secrete androgen-binding protein

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11
Q

before birth effects of testosterone?

A

masculinizes reproductive tract and promotes descent of testes into scrotum

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12
Q

testosterone effects sex-specific tissues after brith:?

A

promotes growth and maturation of the reproductive system at puberty

essential for spermatogenesis

maintains reproductive tract throughout childhood

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13
Q

testosterone non-reproductive actions?

A

exerts protein anabolic effect

promotes bone growth at puberty

closes epiphyseal plates after conversion to estrogen by aromatase

can induce aggressive behaviour

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14
Q

erection and ejaculation?

A

during sexual arousal erection occurs - blood engorges erectile tissue, penis swells and elongates

sperm ejaculated through urethra

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15
Q

scotum?

A

suspended beneath penis

thin walled sac outside of body as sperm can’t develop properly at body temperature

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16
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles?

A

in scrotum, contract to regulate temperature in the cold

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17
Q

male reproductive tract order?

A

seminiferous tubules - rete testis - efferent ductules - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

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18
Q

male reproductive accessory glands?

A

seminal vesicles - secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins

prostate gland - secretes citrate and enzymes

bulbourethral glands - secrete viscous fluid wit mucus

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19
Q

androgen effect?

A

stimulate spermatogenesis

increase sex drive

promote protein synthesis in skeletal muscle

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20
Q

sperm structure?

A

Head = chromosomes and acrosome (enzymes)

midpiece = mitochondria

tail = whiplike movements propel sperm

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21
Q

sperm maturation?

A

released into lumen of seminiferous tubules, they are immotile for 20 days.

move to epididymis by peristaltic contractions and flow of fluid. here they acquire motility

move to vas deferens by peristalsis and remain until ejaculation.

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22
Q

ovarian follicles?

A

contain one ovum

start as primordial follicle

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23
Q

Granulosa cells?

A

target cells for estrogen and FSH

secrete inhibin (negative feedback for FSH)

secrete paracrines that support follicle development

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24
Q

birth canal?

A

cervix and vagina

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25
Q

cervix?

A

canal leading to the vagina from uterus

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26
Q

vagina inner surface?

A

bathed in acid fluid to protect against bacterial infection

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27
Q

uterine tube movement?

A

fimbrae pick up a released ovum

moves through uterine tube, initially through peristaltic contractions but mainly through ciliary actions

takes 4 days to reach the uterus

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28
Q

completion of oogenesis meiosis?

A

after fertilisation

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29
Q

after follicle ruptures what structure degenerates in ovary?

A

corpus luteum

30
Q

result of estrogen and progesterone pill?

A

prevents release of LH and FSH

31
Q

mode of action combined pill?

A

Follicles don’t develop due to changes in FSH

LH surge inhibited so no release of ova

32
Q

progesterone only pill?

A

low dose progesterone, taken all year round

cervical mucous changes into thick sperm barrier

endometrium unsuitable for implantation

inhibition of LH and ovulation

33
Q

GnRH?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone, responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

34
Q

post-coital contraception method?

A

levonorgestrel - progesterone antagonist

binds to progesterone receptors to prevent response

endometrial tissue sloughed off in absence of progesterone

35
Q

female infertility causes?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

anatomical abnormalities

obesity

36
Q

treatment of excessive estrogen?

A

clomiphene - antiestrogen

administered during days 5-10 of the cycle, allows normal secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

37
Q

alpha estrogen receptors?

A

breast and endometrium

38
Q

beta estrogen receptors?

A

kidney, intestines, brain.

39
Q

treating gonadotropin deficiency?

A

elevated prolactin levels cause.

dopamine is a prolactin inhibitory factor. bromocriptine and cabergolin are dopamine receptor agonists

40
Q

azoospermia?

A

failure of testis to develop or descend, causes impaired semen profile

41
Q

oligospermia?

A

previous inflammatory damage, causes impaired semen profile

42
Q

how many days before ovulation must sperm be introduced into reproductive tract?

A

within 5 days.

43
Q

events of fertilisation, getting to oocyte?

A

several sperm try to penetrate corona radiata

when through they bind to sperm binding protein

this triggers acrosome reaction and enzymes are released allowing sperm to break through zona pellucida and access oocyte

44
Q

fertilisation, once a sperm reaches oocyte?

A

first sperm to reach binds to a receptor on the oocyte plasma membrane

this transports the sperm into the cytoplasm -fusion

sperm binding proteins become inactive and zona pellucida hardens preventing polyspermy

45
Q

blastocyst, trophoblast becomes?

A

fetal placenta

46
Q

blastocyst, inner cell mass becomes?

A

embryo

47
Q

ectopic pregnancy?

A

fertilised ovum implants in fallopian tube not endometrial lining. growth of fetus and placenta can cause bleeding and possible rupture

48
Q

trophoblast?

A

single layer of outer cells of blastocyst

required for implantation into endometrial lining and develops into placenta

49
Q

blastocoele?

A

fluid filled cavity that develops into the amniotic sac

50
Q

late embryonic and fetal development?

A

by 5 weeks the placenta is functioning and the heart is beating

51
Q

placenta 3 main functions?

A

free exchange of energy, nutrients and waste products

immunological barrier between mother and fetus

secretes hormones to support development of fetus and prepare the mother to support newborn

52
Q

HCG from placenta?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin sustains the corpus luteum which secretes estrogens and progesterone for the first 2 months of pregnancy

53
Q

maternal changes in second trimester?

A

approx 6kg weight gain

heartburn due to progesterone induced relaxation of oesophageal muscle

constipation - progesterone induced relaxation of intestinal muscle

return of libido, improved skin tone

54
Q

maternal changes third trimester?

A

deeper breaths - baby reduces abdominal movement of diagphragm

braxton-hicks contractions

tired and anxious

55
Q

disorder of pregnancy - eclampsia?

A

elevated blood pressure - compromises blood flow to fetus, requires plenty of bed rest and even sedation

56
Q

parturition?

A

birth

57
Q

dilation required to accomodate head?

A

10cm

58
Q

water breaking?

A

fetus bears down head first on the cervix, this ruptures amniotic sac and lubricates the cervical canal

59
Q

duration of second stage of labour?

A

30-90mins

60
Q

second stage of labour?

A

head of fetus activates cervical stretch receptors to synchronise abdominal and uterine contractions

61
Q

third stage of labour?

A

30mins past-partum

second series of myometrial contractions expel the placenta

loss of placenta causes major fall in maternal progesterone and estrogen levels

62
Q

trigger for parturition?

A

unknown but current theory is that signal comes from the fetus

63
Q

spasmogens?

A

increase the force and frequency of contractions

64
Q

oxytocin?

A

type of spasmogen

given by slow infusion

65
Q

postaglandins F2 and E2

A

type of spasmogen

intravaginal tablets produce localised contractions so limit side effects.

66
Q

relexants?

A

reduce frequency and force of contractions

67
Q

relaxants clinical uses?

A

delay or prevent premature parturition for up to 7 days

slow arrest or delivery to undertake therapeutic measures

68
Q

colostrum?

A

watery milk produced first few days after birth

69
Q

mammary glands?

A

prolactin stimulates milk synthesis

oxytocin stimulates milk ejection reflex

70
Q

how does suckling supress menstrual cycle?

A

inhibits LH and FSH

Human physiology and pharmacology (6 decks)

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