blood lectures

Question 1

polycythaemia vera?

Answer 1

bone marrow tumours, cause of polycythaemia (high haematocrit)

Question 2

iron absorption?

Answer 2

riboflavin

Question 3

Hb synthesis?

Answer 3

vitamin B12, Folic acid

Question 4

absolute erythrocytosis? (polycythaemia)

Answer 4

raised red cell mass, normal plasma volume

Question 5

apparent erythrocytosis? (polycythaemia)

Answer 5

normal red cell mass, reduced plasma volume

Question 6

plasma proteins? where synthesised?

Answer 6

about 8% of plasma volume. most synthesised by liver

Question 7

albumin?

Answer 7

60% of plasma protein, largely responsible for plasma osmotic pressure

Question 8

carbon dioxide in plasma?

Answer 8

significant fraction found there in form of bicarbonate

Question 9

erythrocyte amound, diameter and size?

Answer 9

5billion/ml of blood

8micrometres

2micrometres

Question 10

capillaries?

Answer 10

99% of bodies total blood vessels. only hold 5% of blood

Question 11

RBC count in normal adult?

Answer 11

25-30 trillion

Question 12

first, second and final site of haematopoiesis?

Answer 12

1 - yolk sac
2- liver/spleen
3- bone marrow

Question 13

control of erythropoiesis?

Answer 13

kidneys detect reduced o2 carrying capacity, they secrete erythropoietin into the blood.

Question 14

co2 and erythrocytes?

Answer 14

carbonic anhydrase catalyses co2 + h20 to carbonic acid

Question 15

Hb affinity for CO compared to o2?

Answer 15

240x greater

Question 16

Hb and NO?

Answer 16

binds to Hb in lungs and is released into tissues, it is a vasodilator - relaxes and dilates the arterioles.

Question 17

making RBC’s?

Answer 17

iron comes in diet
Fe absobed by active transport
transferrin protein transports it in plasma to bone marrow
made into heme/ hb then RBC’s

Question 18

Hb breakdown releases?

Answer 18

bilirubin - contributes to bile

Question 19

what responsible for monitoring o2 levels?

Answer 19

kidneys

Question 20

haemostasis?

Answer 20

mechanism to stop bleeding

Question 21

3 stages of haemostasis?

Answer 21

vascular spasm
formation of platelet plug (thrombus)
formation of blood clot

Question 22

embolus?

Answer 22

blood clot that has broken loose into circulation

Question 23

organelles that platelets have?

Answer 23

mitochondria
SER
cytoplasmic granules

Question 24

von willibrand factor secreted by?

Answer 24

megakaryocytes

Question 25

von willibrand factor upon damage?

Answer 25

binds to exposed collagen, platelets then bind to vWf

Question 26

what do platelets do after binding to vWf?

Answer 26

they secrete serotonin, ADP and epinephrine | the ADP causes production of thromboxane A2 which further promotes platelet aggregation

Question 27

what stops platelets blocking healthy vessels?

Answer 27

healthy endothelium releases prostacyclin and nitric acid which prevent platelet plug formation.

Question 28

fibrin clot formation?

Answer 28

secondary to platelet plug | requires activated platelets and their secretory procucts

Question 29

removing a clot?

Answer 29

factor XII simultaneously activates a cascade that triggers clotting and a cascade that triggers plasmin activation. plasmin trapped in the clot slowly dissolves it.

Question 30

endothelial cells release what anticoagulants?

Answer 30

heparin and antithrombin III

Question 31

haemophilia A?

Answer 31

factor VIII deficiency

Question 32

haemophilia B?

Answer 32

factor IX deficiency

Question 33

lymphatic primary tissues?

Answer 33

bone marrow and thymus

Question 34

NK cells?

Answer 34

eliminate virus infected and tumour cells

Question 35

role interferon alpha and beta (secreted by NK cells)?

Answer 35

prevent viral replication

Question 36

role interferon gamma (NK cells)?

Answer 36

activates macrophages

Question 37

inflammatory response, histamines?

Answer 37

from mast cells | swelling, edema and vasodilation

Question 38

inflammatory response, interleukins?

Answer 38

make blood vessels more permeable to WBCs and proteins

Question 39

inflammatory response, bradykinin?

Answer 39

pain and swelling

Question 40

membrane attack complex?

Answer 40

complement proteins insert themselves into the membrane of pathogens creating a pore water and solutes enter through pore cell swells and lyses

Question 41

IgM?

Answer 41

primary immune response and blood group antigens.

Question 42

IgE?

Answer 42

allergic response

Question 43

IgA?

Answer 43

disable pathogens before they reach internal environmet found in tears, saliva etc

Question 44

IgG?

Answer 44

produced in second immune response

Question 45

MHC class 1?

Answer 45

all nucleated cells | cytotoxic T

Question 46

MHC clas 2?

Answer 46

macrophages, B lympocytes and dendritic cells | helper T

Question 47

T cells released from?

Answer 47

thymus gland

Question 48

rhesus issue?

Answer 48

rhesus negative mother with rhesus positive child may develop antibodies against rh+ blood, this is fine. if second pregnancy occurs, the memory of rh+ antibodies will generate them and they can cross the placenta causing anaemia to child.

Question 49

coagulation disorders causes?

Answer 49

``` vitamin K deficiency low platelets liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis) ```

Question 50

sickle cell amino acid change?

Answer 50

glutamate to valine

Question 51

sickle cell problem?

Answer 51

RBCs crystallize when releasing o2 and form sickle shape, the cells then tangle together and cause tissue damage and pain from hypoxia

Question 52

leukaemia?

Answer 52

cancers of the blood forming tissues

Question 53

acute v chronic leukaemia?

Answer 53

acute - rapid growth/ progression | chronic - slower progression

Question 54

majority of acute leukaemias involve?

Answer 54

chromosomal translocations

Question 55

graft v host disease?

Answer 55

following marrow transplant acute - T-cells present in donor marrow attack host cells chronic - T-cells produced by donor cells after marrow has engrafted.