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Human physiology and pharmacology > Gastro intestinal lectures > Flashcards

Gastro intestinal lectures Flashcards

1
Q

what act as pacemaker cells?

A

interstital cells of cajal

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2
Q

relationship between electrical and mechanical energy in smooth muscle? specifically stomach and intestines

A

stomach - larger depolarisation means stronger contraction. action potential makes them even stronger.
intestines - action potential required for force, strength of contraction varies with frequency of action potentials

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3
Q

peristalsis?

A

proximal segment the circular muscle contracts, longitudinal relaxes, diameter decreases. distal segment opposite and contents propelled forward

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4
Q

segmentation?

A

type of motility in small intestine. alternating contractions between intestinal segments (circular muscle) mixes chyme

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5
Q

what happens to the jaw muscles when food enters the mouth?

A

they are inhibited.

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6
Q

integration centre?

A

swallowing centre of medulla oblongata

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7
Q

what happens when bolus reaches stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. bolus enters stomach.

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8
Q

what does swallowing centre do to prepare stomach for bolus?

A

relaxes the smooth muscle of the stomach

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9
Q

what coordinates gastric motility?

A

the enteric nervous system

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10
Q

emptying rate of stomach increases in proportion to?

A

volume of chyme in the stomach and strength of gastric peristalsis.

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11
Q

meaning CCK?

A

cholecystokinin

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12
Q

vomiting stimuli?

A

illness, emotion, distension of GI tract, rotation of head, ingestion of certain substances (emetics)

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13
Q

vomitting reflex?

A

afferent nervous impulses from GI lining through sympathetic and vagal nerves. mediated through vomiting centre in medulla

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14
Q

activation of vomiting centre?

A
  • triggers reverse peristalsis in duodenum and relaxation of pyloric sphincter
  • powerful impulses cause contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles
  • relaxation of gastro-esophageal sphincter
  • gastric and intestinal contents are forcefully expelled through the mouth
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15
Q

affect of vomiting on respiration?

A

inhibition of respiration centre in medulla and temporary closure of the glottis.

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16
Q

migrating mobility complex in small intestine?

A

occurs between meals, intense short distance contractions that sweep clean the intestines.

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17
Q

autonomic nervous system effects on small intestine motility?

A

parasympathetic - excites

sympathetic - inhibits

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18
Q

2 things that increase motility in small intestine?

A 
distension
gastrin secretion (hormone)
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19
Q

mixing in the colon?

A

haustrations, like segmentation but slower.

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20
Q

colon mass movement?

A

propels bolus toward rectum. similar to peristalsis.

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21
Q

colonocolonic reflex?

A

distension of colon in one area causes relaxation in other areas

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22
Q

gastrocolic reflex?

A

food in stomach increases colon motility

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23
Q

GI tract?

A

several organs joined in series to process food and digestion products

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24
Q

accessory glands?

A

secrete fluids and enzymes to aid digestion process

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25
organs of GI tract?
``` mouth pharynx oesophagus stomach small intestine colon rectum anus ```
26
salivary amylase?
digest starch and glycogen
27
upper and lower esophagus?
upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle | lower 2/3 = smooth muscle
28
upper esophageal sphincter?
skeletal muscle
29
lower espohageal sphincter?
smooth muscle
30
stomach ph?
2. if lower acid secretion is inhibited
31
gastric mucosal barrier?
protective layer of mucous and bicarbonate in stomach. | secreted by neck and goblet cells
32
stomach, parietal cells secrete?
intrinsic factor - necessary for absorption of vit B12 hydrogen ions - maintain acid environment of stomach
33
stomach, chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen
34
primary site of digestion and absorption?
small intestine
35
3 parts of small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
36
secretions into duodenum?
pancreatic juice - digestive enzymes, bicarbonate (neutralize chyme) bile from liver - bile salts aid with fat digestion
37
brush border?
formed by microvilli on villi
38
crypts of lieberkuhn? (small I)
secrete bicarbonate rich fluid in proximal SI, absorb it in distal SI
39
role of liver in absorption?
absorbed nutrients travel in blood to liver before entering general circulation liver detoxifies/ processes nutrients
40
hepatic portal system?
mesenteric veins absorb nutrients from small intestine. nutrients travel from mesenteric veins to liver via hepatic portal vein.
41
large intestine comprises?
cecum, colon, rectum
42
colon?
hollow tube from small intestine to rectum
43
colon functions?
concentrates waste into feces, absorption of most water, store feces until defacation
44
the two anal sphincters?
internal anal sphincter - smooth external anal sphincter - skeletal both must relax to allow defecation
45
saliva contains?
rich in bicarbonate ions | enzymes - salivary amylase and lysozyme
46
serous saliva secretions?
contain salivary amylase
47
mucous saliva secretions?
contain mucins
48
stomach oxyntic/gastric glands secrete?
HCL pepsinogen mucous
49
stomach pylorix glands secrete?
pepsinogen | mucous
50
peptic ulcers causes?
``` excess acidity excess pepsin poor mucous secretion irritation of mucosa infection of mucosa ```
51
helicobacter pylori?
gram negative | trigger peptic ulcers
52
pancreatic enzymes?
amylase, lipase proteases - trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxypeptidase nucleases
53
zymogens?
inactive form of digestive enzymes, stored in acinar cells
54
what carbohydrates can be absorbed?
only monosaccharides
55
glucose and galactose absorbed by?
secondary active transport across apical membrane | facilitated diffusion across basolateral membrane
56
endopeptidases?
split polypeptides at interior peptide bonds | produce small peptide fragments
57
exopeptidases?
cleave off amino acids from one end of polypeptide
58
where does protein digestion begin?
stomach, by pepsin which is activated by the acidic environment
59
pepsinogen to pepsin?
HCL cleaves pepsinogen
60
absorption of amino acids?
cross apical membrane by sodium linked secondary transport or facilitated diffusion. cross basolateral by facilitated diffusion
61
lipase secreted from?
pancreas
62
what breaks up large fat droplets? (emulsification)
bile salts
63
fat soluble vitamins? and how absorbed?
ADEK, absorbed with lipids
64
water soluble vitamin absorption?
some require special transport proteins
65
absorption of sodium?
through drag with water and actively in jejunum
66
absorption of chloride?
passively follows sodium
67
absorption of potassium?
passive
68
absorption calcium?
actively absorbed in duodenum and jejunum, binds to calcium binding protein in brush border.
69
feeding centre?
lateral hypothalamus
70
satiety centre?
ventromedial hypothalamus
71
satiety signals?
nerves hormonal feedback from cholecystokinin leptin
72
GI hormones secreted from?
endocrine cells in stomach and small intestine
73
leptin?
released from adipose cells when calories exceed demand | suppresses hunger and increases metabolism
74
parasympathetic saliva input?
watery saliva
75
sympathetic saliva input?
mucus, thick saliva
76
gastrin?
stimulates secretion of gastric acid by stomach
77
cck stimulates enzyme secretion from where?
acinar cells
78
secretin stimulates duct cells to secrete what? what potentiates the effects of secretin
bicarbonate, CCK
79
stimuli for CCK release?
fat and amino acids in duodenum
80
stimuli for secretin release?
acidity in duodenum
81
Regulation of bile secretion into duodenum?
secretin stimulates bile secretion in liver CCK stimulates gall bladder contraction
82
GI motility?
movements of the wall of the GI tract due primarily to contractions of muscularis externa
83
where are interstitial cells of cajal found?
boundary between longitudinal and circular muscle layers
84
peristalsis and segmentation caused by waves in which GI layer?
muscularis mucosae
85
gastric motility, increase force of contractions?
gastrin
86
gastric motility decrease force of contractions?
CCK secretin GIP
87
ileogastric reflex?
distension of ileum inhibits gastric motility
88
gastroileal reflex?
presence of chyme in stomach increases motility in ileum

Human physiology and pharmacology (6 decks)

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