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Human physiology and pharmacology > Gastro intestinal lectures > Flashcards

Gastro intestinal lectures Flashcards

1
Q

what act as pacemaker cells?

A

interstital cells of cajal

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2
Q

relationship between electrical and mechanical energy in smooth muscle? specifically stomach and intestines

A

stomach - larger depolarisation means stronger contraction. action potential makes them even stronger.
intestines - action potential required for force, strength of contraction varies with frequency of action potentials

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3
Q

peristalsis?

A

proximal segment the circular muscle contracts, longitudinal relaxes, diameter decreases. distal segment opposite and contents propelled forward

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4
Q

segmentation?

A

type of motility in small intestine. alternating contractions between intestinal segments (circular muscle) mixes chyme

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5
Q

what happens to the jaw muscles when food enters the mouth?

A

they are inhibited.

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6
Q

integration centre?

A

swallowing centre of medulla oblongata

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7
Q

what happens when bolus reaches stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. bolus enters stomach.

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8
Q

what does swallowing centre do to prepare stomach for bolus?

A

relaxes the smooth muscle of the stomach

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9
Q

what coordinates gastric motility?

A

the enteric nervous system

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10
Q

emptying rate of stomach increases in proportion to?

A

volume of chyme in the stomach and strength of gastric peristalsis.

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11
Q

meaning CCK?

A

cholecystokinin

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12
Q

vomiting stimuli?

A

illness, emotion, distension of GI tract, rotation of head, ingestion of certain substances (emetics)

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13
Q

vomitting reflex?

A

afferent nervous impulses from GI lining through sympathetic and vagal nerves. mediated through vomiting centre in medulla

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14
Q

activation of vomiting centre?

A
  • triggers reverse peristalsis in duodenum and relaxation of pyloric sphincter
  • powerful impulses cause contractions of diaphragm and abdominal muscles
  • relaxation of gastro-esophageal sphincter
  • gastric and intestinal contents are forcefully expelled through the mouth
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15
Q

affect of vomiting on respiration?

A

inhibition of respiration centre in medulla and temporary closure of the glottis.

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16
Q

migrating mobility complex in small intestine?

A

occurs between meals, intense short distance contractions that sweep clean the intestines.

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17
Q

autonomic nervous system effects on small intestine motility?

A

parasympathetic - excites

sympathetic - inhibits

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18
Q

2 things that increase motility in small intestine?

A 
distension
gastrin secretion (hormone)
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19
Q

mixing in the colon?

A

haustrations, like segmentation but slower.

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20
Q

colon mass movement?

A

propels bolus toward rectum. similar to peristalsis.

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21
Q

colonocolonic reflex?

A

distension of colon in one area causes relaxation in other areas

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22
Q

gastrocolic reflex?

A

food in stomach increases colon motility

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23
Q

GI tract?

A

several organs joined in series to process food and digestion products

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24
Q

accessory glands?

A

secrete fluids and enzymes to aid digestion process

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25
Q

organs of GI tract?

A 
mouth
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
colon
rectum 
anus
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26
Q

salivary amylase?

A

digest starch and glycogen

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27
Q

upper and lower esophagus?

A

upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle

lower 2/3 = smooth muscle

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28
Q

upper esophageal sphincter?

A

skeletal muscle

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29
Q

lower espohageal sphincter?

A

smooth muscle

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30
Q

stomach ph?

A
  1. if lower acid secretion is inhibited
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31
Q

gastric mucosal barrier?

A

protective layer of mucous and bicarbonate in stomach.

secreted by neck and goblet cells

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32
Q

stomach, parietal cells secrete?

A

intrinsic factor - necessary for absorption of vit B12

hydrogen ions - maintain acid environment of stomach

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33
Q

stomach, chief cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

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34
Q

primary site of digestion and absorption?

A

small intestine

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35
Q

3 parts of small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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36
Q

secretions into duodenum?

A

pancreatic juice - digestive enzymes, bicarbonate (neutralize chyme)

bile from liver - bile salts aid with fat digestion

37
Q

brush border?

A

formed by microvilli on villi

38
Q

crypts of lieberkuhn? (small I)

A

secrete bicarbonate rich fluid in proximal SI, absorb it in distal SI

39
Q

role of liver in absorption?

A

absorbed nutrients travel in blood to liver before entering general circulation
liver detoxifies/ processes nutrients

40
Q

hepatic portal system?

A

mesenteric veins absorb nutrients from small intestine. nutrients travel from mesenteric veins to liver via hepatic portal vein.

41
Q

large intestine comprises?

A

cecum, colon, rectum

42
Q

colon?

A

hollow tube from small intestine to rectum

43
Q

colon functions?

A

concentrates waste into feces, absorption of most water, store feces until defacation

44
Q

the two anal sphincters?

A

internal anal sphincter - smooth
external anal sphincter - skeletal

both must relax to allow defecation

45
Q

saliva contains?

A

rich in bicarbonate ions

enzymes - salivary amylase and lysozyme

46
Q

serous saliva secretions?

A

contain salivary amylase

47
Q

mucous saliva secretions?

A

contain mucins

48
Q

stomach oxyntic/gastric glands secrete?

A

HCL
pepsinogen
mucous

49
Q

stomach pylorix glands secrete?

A

pepsinogen

mucous

50
Q

peptic ulcers causes?

A 
excess acidity
excess pepsin
poor mucous secretion
irritation of mucosa
infection of mucosa
51
Q

helicobacter pylori?

A

gram negative

trigger peptic ulcers

52
Q

pancreatic enzymes?

A

amylase, lipase
proteases - trypsinogen, chymotripsinogen, procarboxypeptidase
nucleases

53
Q

zymogens?

A

inactive form of digestive enzymes, stored in acinar cells

54
Q

what carbohydrates can be absorbed?

A

only monosaccharides

55
Q

glucose and galactose absorbed by?

A

secondary active transport across apical membrane

facilitated diffusion across basolateral membrane

56
Q

endopeptidases?

A

split polypeptides at interior peptide bonds

produce small peptide fragments

57
Q

exopeptidases?

A

cleave off amino acids from one end of polypeptide

58
Q

where does protein digestion begin?

A

stomach, by pepsin which is activated by the acidic environment

59
Q

pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

HCL cleaves pepsinogen

60
Q

absorption of amino acids?

A

cross apical membrane by sodium linked secondary transport or facilitated diffusion.
cross basolateral by facilitated diffusion

61
Q

lipase secreted from?

A

pancreas

62
Q

what breaks up large fat droplets? (emulsification)

A

bile salts

63
Q

fat soluble vitamins? and how absorbed?

A

ADEK, absorbed with lipids

64
Q

water soluble vitamin absorption?

A

some require special transport proteins

65
Q

absorption of sodium?

A

through drag with water and actively in jejunum

66
Q

absorption of chloride?

A

passively follows sodium

67
Q

absorption of potassium?

A

passive

68
Q

absorption calcium?

A

actively absorbed in duodenum and jejunum, binds to calcium binding protein in brush border.

69
Q

feeding centre?

A

lateral hypothalamus

70
Q

satiety centre?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

71
Q

satiety signals?

A

nerves
hormonal feedback from cholecystokinin
leptin

72
Q

GI hormones secreted from?

A

endocrine cells in stomach and small intestine

73
Q

leptin?

A

released from adipose cells when calories exceed demand

suppresses hunger and increases metabolism

74
Q

parasympathetic saliva input?

A

watery saliva

75
Q

sympathetic saliva input?

A

mucus, thick saliva

76
Q

gastrin?

A

stimulates secretion of gastric acid by stomach

77
Q

cck stimulates enzyme secretion from where?

A

acinar cells

78
Q

secretin stimulates duct cells to secrete what? what potentiates the effects of secretin

A

bicarbonate, CCK

79
Q

stimuli for CCK release?

A

fat and amino acids in duodenum

80
Q

stimuli for secretin release?

A

acidity in duodenum

81
Q

Regulation of bile secretion into duodenum?

A

secretin stimulates bile secretion in liver

CCK stimulates gall bladder contraction

82
Q

GI motility?

A

movements of the wall of the GI tract

due primarily to contractions of muscularis externa

83
Q

where are interstitial cells of cajal found?

A

boundary between longitudinal and circular muscle layers

84
Q

peristalsis and segmentation caused by waves in which GI layer?

A

muscularis mucosae

85
Q

gastric motility, increase force of contractions?

A

gastrin

86
Q

gastric motility decrease force of contractions?

A

CCK
secretin
GIP

87
Q

ileogastric reflex?

A

distension of ileum inhibits gastric motility

88
Q

gastroileal reflex?

A

presence of chyme in stomach increases motility in ileum

Human physiology and pharmacology (6 decks)

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