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Botany > Reproduction In Plants > Flashcards

Reproduction In Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Whats vegetative propagation?

A

Type of asexual reproduction in which new plants develop from vegetative part of plant.

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2
Q

Concept of tissue culture was given by

A

Haberlandt.(1901)

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3
Q

Whats tissue culture?

A

Growth of explant in vitro conditions.

Growth of cells, tissues, organs in lab conditions.

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4
Q

Whats explant?

A

Cells, tissue or organs that is used to start culture technique.

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5
Q

Loading of explant over nutrient medium is called

A

Innoculation.

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6
Q

Closed chamber used to conduct tissue culture is c/d

A

Bio-reactor or innoculation chamber.

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7
Q

Nutrient medium should have

A

Minerals
Sucrose (c12h22o11)(glu-glu)
Phytohormones esp. auxin and cytokinins

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8
Q

Most commonly used nutrient medium is

A

MS medium.

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9
Q

Whats liquid medium?

A

Prepared by dissolving all contents with water.

Aka suspension medium.

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10
Q

Whats solid/gel medium?

A

Prepared by adding 1-2% agar-agar in liquid medium.

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11
Q

Sterilisation is done by

A

Boiling or treatment with alcohol.

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12
Q

Surface sterilisation is done by

A

Adding anti-microbials like chlorax.

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13
Q

UV sterilisation is done by

A

Passing uv radiations in a bio-reactor.

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14
Q

Whats continuous culture?

A

When older medium is replaced by new fresh medium.

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15
Q

Whats batch culture?

A

When cells are shifted to new medium.

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16
Q

Nucellus culture is done so as to

A

Produce disease free plants.

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17
Q

Give 2 significance of embryo culture?

A

To overcome problem of seed dormancy.

To perform embryo rescue (to prevent embryo from forming non-viable seeds).

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18
Q

Production of virus free plants is obtained by ______ culture.

A

Meristem culture.

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19
Q

Whats androgenic haploid?

A

Haploid plants developed from anther cells(male).

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20
Q

Which type of tissue culture results in production of androgenic haploids?

A

Anther culture.

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21
Q

Whats cybrid?

A

Cybrid / somatic hybrid =organism produced by crossing two genetically organisms asexually.

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22
Q

Whats micropropagation /somo-clonal propagation?

A

Type of tissue culture in which a new plant is produced from small group of cells.

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23
Q

Production of cybrid is a significance of _________ culture.

A

Protoplast culture (fused protoplast is used as explant).

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24
Q

Virus used in protoplast culture for fusion of protoplast of 2 cells is ______ .

A

Sendai virus (used in viral fusion of protoplast).

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25
Q

PEG stands for _______ used in _______fusion of protoplast.

A

Poly ethylene glycol used in chemo-fusion of protoplasts of 2 cells during protoplast culture.

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26
Q

Whats artificial seed?

A

Embryoids (aka somatic embryo, is a embryo like structure produced during tissue culture) wrapped in gelatin or agar agar represent artificial seeds.

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27
Q

Whats cutting?conditions for cutting?

A

Formation of new plant from ‘detached part of plant’ under suitable conditions.
Conditions:
1. Presence of at-least one bud.
2.abundance of meristematic tissue.
3. Suitable conditions; phytohormones like auxin, ethylene.

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28
Q

Examples of root cutting?

A

Sweet potato
Asparagus
Dahlia

sad

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29
Q

Examples of leaf cutting?

A

Bryophyllum

Begonia

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30
Q

Examples of stem cutting?

A

Grapes
Rose
Apple

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31
Q

Whats layering?

A

Formation of new plant from ‘attached part of plant’ under suitable conditions.

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32
Q

Layering examples ?

A

Jasmine
Blackberry
Walnut (Air layering)
Grapes

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33
Q

Whats Grafting ?

A

Union of 2 plant parts to form a composite plant.
OR
Union of scion and stock to form composite plant.

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34
Q

Define scion & stock?

A

Plant part used along with root system = stock

Branch shifted over stock = scion

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35
Q

Grafting is not possible in monocots due to absence of vascular cambium.
(T/F)

A

True.

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36
Q

Naturally vegetative propagation by roots is seen in

A

Sweet potato
Asparagus
Dahlia

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37
Q

Naturally vegetative propagation by leaf is seen in

A

Bryophyllum
Begonia
Sansveria (snake plant)
Kalonchi

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38
Q

Naturally vegetative propagation by buds either bulbils or turions is seen in

A

Bulbils: Agave, lily, ananas,oxalis.
Turions: utricularia.

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39
Q

Naturally vegetative propagation by aerial stem is observed in

A

Cactus (opuntia) = flat phylloclade

Euphorbia = cylindrical phylloclade

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40
Q

Which organism can participate in vegetative propagation?

A

Marchantia , a liverwort(belonging to bryophyta) possess green multicellular asexual buds c/d gemma which develops inside gemma cups.

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41
Q

Vegetative propagation in lawn grass occurs by

A

Runner =a sub-aerial stem

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42
Q

Jasmine & peppermint perform vegetative propagation by

A

Stolon = a sub-aerial stem

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43
Q

Water hyacinth(eichorrnia) & water lettuce show vegetative propagation by

A

Offset =sub-aerial stem

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44
Q

Sucker (sub-aerial stem) is involved in vegetative propagation in

A

Banana
Pineapple
Chrysanthemum

pcb

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45
Q

Potato shows vegetative propagation by

A

Tuber = underground stem

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46
Q

Onion 🧅 & garlic 🧄 show vegetative propagation by

A

Bulb (underground stem)

47
Q

Rhizome (underground stem) is involved in vegetative propagation of

A

Turmeric , ginger = branched rhizome

Ferns = unbranched rhizome

48
Q

Corm (an underground stem) is involved in vegetative propagation of

A

Saffron (crocos sativus)
Zamikand
Colocasia

49
Q

What is sporulation?

A

Formation of mitospores (spores formed by mitosis).
OR
Process of Formation of spores.

50
Q 
How does sporulation occur in 
K.monera 
K.protista 
K.fungi 
K.plantae 
Give examples for each.
A

K.Monera (bacteria) = during unfavourable conditions by endospore formation.
K.protista (amoeba) = during unfav. conditions by encystation.
K.Fungi = by zoospores,aplanospores,conidia etc. Most common spore is conidia (for example penicillium, asparagus).
K.Plantae (algae)= zoospores, aplanospores. Most common soore is zoospore.

51
Q

Most common spore of K.Fungi is

A

Conidia.

52
Q

Most common spore of K.Plantae is

A

Zoospore.

53
Q

Define conidia.

A 
Spores produced in bead like manner over conidiophores.
• mitospore 
• non-motile 
• non-flagellate
• Exogenous spore
54
Q

Define zoospore.

A 
Motile spores produced inside zoosporangia.
• Mitospore 
• Motile
• Flagellate
• Endogenous spores
55
Q

Zoospores of brown algae like fucus, ectocarpus has

A

2 flagella, arising laterally, in heterokont condition (diff. sized)

56
Q

Zoospores of green algae like volvox, chlamydomonas has

A

2-8 flagella, arising apically, in isokont condition (same sized).

57
Q

Examples of annuals.

A 
•complete there life cycle in one year only ;
Oats 
Maize
Wheat 
Paddy
58
Q

Examples of biennial.

A 
•complete their life cycle in 2 years ( develop vegetative parts in 1st yr & reproductive parts in 2nd yr).
Carrot
Radish
Turnip
Spinach
Cabbage
59
Q

Examples of perennials.

A

Survive for many years.
🥭 Mango
🍎 Apple
🍁 Chinar

60
Q

Monocarpic plants are

A

Plants that flower only once in their life cycle =monocarpic.

All annuals & biennials.

61
Q

Polycarpic plants are

A

Plants which flower repeatedly in their life cycle.

Majority of perennials.

62
Q

Examples of Monocarpic perennials.

A 
#Agave (century plant)= grows vegetatively for 100yrs then flowers once & dies.
#Some species of bamboo=grows vegetatively for 50-100yrs then flowers once & dies.
#Strobilanthus (Neelakuranji)flowers after 12yrs then dies.(flowered in sep-oct 2006.
63
Q

Inter flowering period belongs to

a) Pre-reproductive phase
b) Reproductive phase
c) Post-reproductive phase

A

Reproductive phase.

Aka recovery phase as plant prepares itself for next flowering.

64
Q

Male sex organ of algae (chara) is called

A

Globule.
Its round in shape; covering has 8 shield shells; produces male gametes c/d antherozoids/sperms (spirally coiled & biflagellate).

65
Q

Female sex organ of algae (chara) is

A

Nucule.
Elongated; body covered with 5 spirally arranged cells c/d tube cells; apex contains 5 elongated cells c/d coronary cells; contains single egg cell.

66
Q

Algae (chara) is mostly
A) Monoecious
B) Dioecious

A

Monoecious except Chara wallichi which is dioecious

67
Q

Protoandry means

A

Male matures first.

Protoandry is seen in chara, an algae.

68
Q

Male sex organ of bryophytes (marchantia) is called ______ & female sex organ is called ______.

A

Antheridium

Archegonium.

69
Q

In marchantia antherozoids are biflagellate / multi flagellate / non-flagellate.

A

Biflagellate.

Produced by cube shaped cells c/d androcytes, of antheridium.

70
Q

__________ are first embryophytes.

A

Bryophytes

71
Q

In ferns (pteridophyte), sperms are biflagellate/multiflagellate/non-flagellate.

A

Multi-flagellate.

72
Q

__________ are called cone-bearing plants.

A

Gymnosperms.

73
Q

Define male cone?

A

Small sized cones formed by aggregation of microsporophylls.

74
Q

Define female cone.

A

Large sized cones formed by aggregation of megasporophylls.

75
Q

Pollination in gymnosperms occurs by

A

Wind.

76
Q

Whats zooidogammy?

A

When male gametes are motile & water is required for fertilization.

77
Q

Whats siphinogammy.

A

When male gametes are non-motile & pollen tube is involved for gamete transfer.

78
Q

Whats siphino-zooidogammy?

A

Male gamets are motile, still pollen tube is formed for transport of gamete.
for example cycas, ginkgo.

79
Q

Match:
Zooidogammy Ginkgo
Siphinogammy Bryophytes
Siphino-zooidogammy Cycas
, Gymnosperms

A 
Zooidogammy = algae, bryophytes & pteridophytes
Siphinogammy = gymnosperms 
Siphino-zooidogammy = cycas & ginkgo.
80
Q

Angiosperms are k/a

A

Flowering plants

81
Q

Study of flowers

A

Anthology

82
Q

Smallest flower is produced in

A

Wolfia.

83
Q

Largest flower is produced in

A

Rafflicia.

84
Q

Staminode is

A

Term used for sterile stamens.

85
Q

Pistillode is

A

Term used for sterile pistils.

86
Q

Condition when both calyx & corolla is present

A

Dichlamydous.

87
Q

Monochlamydous condition is

A

When either calyx or corolla is present.

88
Q

Condition if both calyx & corolla is absent

A

Achlamydous.

89
Q

Stribilanthus kunthiana flowers after every _____ yrs

A

12 yrs.

Found in kerala,tamil nadu,karnataka.

90
Q

Example of perennial plant that flowers throughout the year.

A

China rose (shoe flower)

91
Q

Examples of organisms having isogametes.

A 
Algae= cladophora, chlamydomonas debaryana, ulothrix.
Fungi= synchytrium, rhizopus.
92
Q

Examples of organisms with hetrogametes

A

Algae= fucus,volvox,chara.

All bryophytes,pteridophyte, gymnosperms,angiosperms.

93
Q 
Chromosome number in meiocyte of 
Onion
Maize 
Rice
Apple
Potato
Ophioglossum (an adder’s tongue fern) 
Is?
A 
Onion = 16 
Maize = 20
Rice = 24 
Apple = 34
Potato = 48
Ophioglossum =1260
94
Q 
Chromosome number in meiocyte of 
Fruitfly
Housefly 
Cat
Rat
Dog
Butterfly
A 
Fruitfly = 8
Housefly = 12
Cat = 38
Rat = 42
Dog = 78
Butterfly = 380
95
Q

Name a homothallic organism.

A

Fungi (Mucor mucedo).

Homaothallic condition = if gametes belong to same parent

96
Q

Define heterothallic condition.

A

If gametes belong to different parents.

97
Q

Examples of bisexual flower.

A

China rose 🥀

Sweet potato 🍠

98
Q

Examples of monoecious plant

A

Cucurbits
Coconut 🥥
Maize

99
Q

Examples of dioecious plant

A

Date palm

Papaya

100
Q

In algae, bryophytes & pteridophytes ____ is the medium for gamete transfer.

A

Water.

101
Q

In few fungi and algae both types of gametes are motile.

T/F

A

True.

102
Q

Example of bisexual, self-fertilising plant is

A

Peas.

Here transfer of pollen grains is comparatively easy.

103
Q

_____ is the 1st cell of new generation in all sexually reproducing organisms.

A

Zygote.

Its the vital link b/w 2 successive generations.

104
Q

Body of all multicellular organisms develop from single celled ___.

A

Zygote

105
Q

Thick walled zygote is called

A

Zygospore.

In many algae & fungi, zygote secretes a thick wall that is resistant to desiccation & damage.

106
Q

Embryogenesis involves

A

Cell division through mitosis
Cell differentiation to form different tissues
Morphogenesis i.e dev. Of diff. internal & external str.s

107
Q

Embryo formation is present in all plant groups except

A

Algae.

108
Q

In flowering plants, zygote develops into _____ & food for embryo development comes from _____.

A

Embryo.

Endosperm, a special tissue.

109
Q

_______ is the progenitor of next generation,found in mature seed.

A

Embryo

110
Q

Ripened ovary with pericarp/fruit wall and seed is called

A

Fruit.

111
Q

As fruit develops sepals persist in ____.

A

Pea
Wilthiana.
Though generally sepals,petals,stamens,style & stigma shed as the fruit develops.

112
Q

In majority of plants like bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms & few algae like spirogyra; egg is formed inside _____ organism where syngammy occurs.

A

Female organism.

113
Q

Majority of aquatic orgs like most of the algae, fishes, amphibians show ______fertilisation.

A

external fertilisation.

Botany (13 decks)

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