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Botany > Cell Cycle Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

Events in which cell duplicates its genome and other contents and eventually divides into daughter cells.

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2
Q

Duration of cell cycle in
1️⃣Bacteria
2️⃣Yeast
3️⃣Human cells

A

Bacteria = 20min
Yeast =90min
Human cell = 24hrs

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3
Q

Duration of interphase is

A

Almost 95% of the total duration of cell cycle.

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4
Q

Which is the intense phase related to growth

A

Interphase.

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5
Q

Events that occur in G1 phase are:

A

Most Organelles duplicate.

Cell is metabolically active and grows continuously.

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6
Q

Events that occur in S phase are

A

DNA 🧬 replication .
Histone protein synthesis
Centriole replication
Sub-units for kinetochore are synthesized.

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7
Q

Duration of G1 phase in humans is ______, S phase is _____ and G2 phase is

A

G1 phase= 10hrs
S phase= 9hrs
G2 phase= 4hrs

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8
Q

Events that occur in G2 phase are

A

Proteins and RNA synthesis continues.
Tubulin protein is synthesized.
Final preparation for M-phase occurs.

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9
Q

Events in Go- phase are

A

Cell is metabolically active but no longer proliferates.

Cell decides to enter Go phase in M-phase.

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10
Q

Name the 4 stages of karyokinesis?

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
(Prof. Mehmood ah. Tak)
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11
Q

Events of early prophase are

A

Chromatin condensation occurs
Centriole pair start separating
Chromosome ends are not clearly visible.[spireme stage]
Viscosity increases.

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12
Q

Events in mid prophase

A

Centriole pair moves farther apart.
Chromatin condensation occurs.
# Aster formation starts.

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13
Q

Events in late prophase are

A

Spindle formation is ‘almost’ completed.
Aster formation ‘almost’ complete.
Chromosomes are fully condensed.

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14
Q

Events that occur in pro-metaphase

A

Aka 5th phase
Aster formation completed.
Spindle formation completed.
Mitotic apparatus (spindle & aster) is formed.

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15
Q

Events in metaphase are

A

▪️Congression metakinesis ( process of bringing of chromosomes from different locations towards equator).
▪️Chromosomes are fully condensed.
▪️Only metaphasic plate or equatorial plate is formed.

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16
Q

Chromosomes are attached with spindle fibres with the help of ___________

A

Kinetochores.

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17
Q

Events of anaphase are

A

Centromeric division occurs = Separation of sister chromatids = now called Chromosomes
DOUBLING OF CHROMOSOME NUMBER.

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18
Q

Best stage to study the shape of chromosomes are

A

Anaphase

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19
Q

Best stage for studying chromosome morphology is

A

Metaphase.

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20
Q 
Match the following:
1️⃣Metacentric             I 
2️⃣Sub-metacentric.     J
3️⃣Acrocentric       L 
4️⃣Telocentric        V
A

Metacentric = V shaped
Sub metacentric = L shaped
Acrocentric = J shaped
Telocentric = I shaped

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21
Q

Rate of anaphasic movt. Of chromosomes is

A

0.2 - 5 μm/min

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22
Q

Number of ATP molecules used by a chromosome to reach the pole is

A

25ATP

23
Q

Events that occur in telophase are

A

Chromosomes start de condensation .
Spindle and aster disappear.
Viscosity dcereases.
At the end, 2 nuclei are present in the same cell.

24
Q

In animal cells cytokinesis occurs by ______method.

A

Cleavage forrow method.

To explain this method contractile ring theory was given by Dauglas Marshland.

25
Q

Invagination in contractile ring theory is ________.(centripetal/centrifugal type)

A

Centripetal type( towards centre).

26
Q

Cytokinesis in plants occurs by ________ method.

A

Cell plate method.

27
Q

Cell plate method is

a) Centripetal type
b) Centrifugal type
c) Niether a) nor b)

A

Centrifugal type.

28
Q

Initial signs for cytokinesis are observed in _______ phase

A

Late anaphase.

29
Q

_______ gives rise to middle lamella formation (by cell plate method).

A

Mainly Golgi apparatus.

Sometimes ER.

30
Q

What is phragmoplast?

A

In cell plate method, vesicles sent by golgi are trapped at the centre by spindle and the complex thus formed is called phragmoplast.

31
Q 
Which of them is/are mitotic poison:
1️⃣Ribonuclease
2️⃣Azide & cyanide
3️⃣Mustard gas 
4️⃣Chalones
A 
All of them.
▪️Ribonuclease = inh. at prophase
▪️Azide & cyanide = inh. at prophase
▪️Mustard gas = agglutination of chromosomes 
▪️Chalones = these are glycoproteins.
32
Q

Match the following:
▪️Ribonuclease agglutination of chromosomes
▪️Azide & cyanide these are glycoproteins
▪️Mustard gas inh. at prophase
▪️Chalones inh. at prophase

A

▪️Ribonuclease = inh. at prophase
▪️Azide & cyanide = inh. at prophase
▪️Mustard gas = agglutination of chromosomes
▪️Chalones = these are glycoproteins.

33
Q

Which of them is correct:

1) Meiosis always occurs in diploid cell.
2) Meiosis always occurs in haploid cell.
3) Meiosis can occur in either haploid or diploid cell.

A

Only statement 1) is correct.

Meiosis always occurs in diploid cell but not in haploid cell.

34
Q

Which cells undergo meiosis?

A

Only cells of sexually reproducing organisms undergo meiosis.
* Some special cells (gonad cells) switch rom mitosis to meiosis in certain stage of their life.

35
Q

Meiosis involves ______ cycles of karyokinesis and _______ cycles of DNA replication.

A

2 cycles of karyokinesis

1 round/ cycle of DNA replication

36
Q 
Interphase of meiosis has longer \_\_\_\_phase and short or no \_\_\_\_\_phase. 
1️⃣s phase , G2 phase 
2️⃣M phase , S phase.   
3️⃣G1 phase ,M phase 
4️⃣G2 phase, S phase
A

Opt 1

Longer s phase and short or no G2 phase.

37
Q

Chromatin condensation starts in

A

Leptotene or leptonema aka Bouquet stage.

38
Q

Synapsis occurs in

A

Zygotene or synaptotene or zygoneme.

39
Q

What is synapsis or syndesis?

A

Pairing of homologous or maternal and paternal chromosomes is c/d synapsis or syndesis.

40
Q

Formation of tetrad or bivalent occurs in

A

Zygotene.

41
Q

Synaptonemal complex is formed due to

A 
Involvement of nuclei proteins or synaptonemal complex proteins(SCP) e.g, SCP-1, SCP-2, SCP-3.
# it was first observed by Moses.
42
Q

Crossing over or recombination occurs in

A

Pachytene

43
Q

What’s crossing over or recombination?

A 
Exchange of chromatin segments b/w non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes is c/d crossing over.
# first observed by Morgan in Drosophila.
44
Q

Chiasma is observed in

A

Diplotene.

45
Q

What is chiasma or chiasmata?

A

Homologous chromosomes start separating from each other except at cross- over point c/d chiasma.

46
Q

What is dictyotene?

A 
In vertebrates and invertebrates, diplotene is metabolically active and is extended (duration very high), and is called dictyotene.
# extending cell can range from months upto years. 
# observed in primary oocytes.
47
Q

Separation of homologous Chromosomes is called

A 
De-synapsis.
#occurs in diplotene.
48
Q

Terminalisation of chiasma occurs in

A

Diakinesis

49
Q

Events in diakinesis are

A

Terminalisation of chiasma.
At the end, chromosomes are fully condensed.
Spindle and aster formation is completed.

50
Q

What is dyad?

A

Two cells formed after meiosis-1 are called dyad.

52
Q

What is disjunction?

A

The separation of homologous chromosomes is called disjunction.

53
Q

Why is meiosis-1 called as reductional division?

A

Meiosis 1 is called as reductional division because chromosomes are reduced to half in dyad cell.

54
Q

Events that occur in metaphase-1 are

A

Bivalents are arranged at equator.
2 metaphasic plate are formed.
Maternal and paternal chromosomes are arranged randomly on equator.

56
Q

Stages of prophase-1, in order, are

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Pachytene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis

Botany (13 decks)

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