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Biology > Reproduction In Plants > Flashcards

Reproduction In Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define reproduction

A

the process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism.

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2
Q

Compare sexual and asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction:
single parent involved
Offspring identical to parent
Offspring identical to each other
Type of cell division is only mitosis

Sexual reproduction:
Two parents involved
Offspring different from parents
Offspring different from each other
Type of cell division is only meiosis

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3
Q

Define perennation

A

The ability of organisms, particularly plants, to survive from one germinating season to another, especially under unfavorable conditions

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4
Q

Describe the life cycle of a typical flowering plant

A

Development of flowers
Pollination
Fertilization
Formation of seeds
Dispersal and f seeds
Germination
Growth of plant

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5
Q

Define pollination

A

The transfer of the pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower.

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6
Q

Define fertilization

A

Fusion of the male and female gametes

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7
Q

What is the female gamete called?

A

Ovule

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8
Q

What is the male gamete called?

A

Pollen grain

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9
Q

What are the 5 main parts of a typical flower?

A

Gynaecium (carpel: stigma, style, ovary)
Androecium (stamen: anther, filament)
Corolla (petals)
Calyx (sepals)
Receptacle

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10
Q

Function of the gynaecium

A

Produces and contains the female gamete

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11
Q

Function of the androecium

A

Produces and contains the male gamete

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12
Q

Function of the Corolla

A

Attracts pollinators, such as insects to the flower

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13
Q

Function of the calyx

A

Protects the flower in the bud stage

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14
Q

Function of the receptacle

A

Bears the flower parts

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15
Q

Function of the petal

A

Provides colour and scent to attract pollinators

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16
Q

Function of the sepals

A

Protects the flower when in bud

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17
Q

Function of anther

A

Produces pollen grains containing male gametes

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18
Q

Function of filament

A

Holds the anther where it can best deliver pollen

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19
Q

Function of stigma

A

Catches pollen grains

20
Q

Function of the style

A

Holds the stigma where it can best catch pollen

21
Q

Function of the ovary

A

Contains ovules

22
Q

Function of the ovules

A

Contains an ovum, the female gamete

23
Q

Function of the embryo sac

A

Acts as the site for fertilization

24
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower or flowers on the same plant

25
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of flowers on another plant of the same species

26
Q

Examples of agents of pollination

A

Wind, insects, some birds

27
Q

Why are agents of pollination necessary?

A

Plants are dependent on them to help bring their gametes together

28
Q

Give an example of a wind-pollinated flower

A

Grass
Sugar cane
Corn

29
Q

Give an example of an insect-pollinated flower

A

Pride of Barbados
Pea

30
Q

Give characteristics of a wind pollinated flower

A

Don’t have bright petals, nectar or a scent
Pollen grains are very small and light
Large and feathery stigmas
Long filaments with anthers that hang out the flower

31
Q

Describe how pollen is carried in water pollination

A

The pollen from the stamen of one plant will be carried across the surface of the water to the pistil of another flower

32
Q

Characteristics of insect pollinated flowers

A

Flowers are large and bright
Petals are large and brightly colored with nectar and scented
Short stamen with anthers attached inside the flower
Sticky stigma that’s situated in the flower
Pollen grains are large, sticky or spiky

33
Q

Describe what happens after pollination leading to successful fertilization

A

1) the pollen grains germinate
2) pollen tube grows down the style to the ovary
3) two male nuclei move down the pollen tube
4) pollen tube enters micropyle to reach female nucleus

34
Q

Post fertilization changes in a flower

A

The ovule develops into a seed containing the embryo. The ovary grows into the fruit as th petals shrivel and drop off. The stigma, style and stamens also drop off. The sepals may remain.

35
Q

Describe double fertilization

A

One sperm fuses with the central cell
One sperm fuses with the egg cell

36
Q

Main function of the fruit

A

Protect the seeds during their development and aid in their dispersal

37
Q

Why do plants disperse seeds?

A

Prevent overcrowding and competition for resources
Allow colonization of habitats
Reduce spread of diseases

38
Q

The wall of the fruit is called

A

The pericarp

39
Q

Define germination

A

The growth of a seed into a young plant or a seedling

40
Q

Function of the micropyle

A

Water enters this opening during germination

41
Q

Function of the testa

A

Seed coat which encloses and protects the seed

42
Q

Define dormancy

A

The failure of seeds to germinate as soon as they are shed, even when conditions are ideal

43
Q

2 types of germination

A

Epigeal germination - cotyledons carried above the soil Eg. Kidney bean, sunflower
Hypogeal germination - cotyledons remain below the surface of the soil Eg. Gungo pea

44
Q

Conditions for Germination

A

Sufficient water
Adequate oxygen supply
Suitable temperature

45
Q

Define dispersal

A

Process by which the offspring of a plant moves away from the parent plant.

Biology (17 decks)

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