Reproduction in Plants Flashcards
4 Types of Asexual Reproduction
Vegetative reproduction by Root, Leaves and Stem
and Spore Formation
Process of Reproduction in Roots
- Tubers will grow underground
- The Tubers will grow into the new plant
Reproduction in leaves
- leaves develop adventitious roots when placed in damp soil
- Grow plantlets on the edge of the leaves
3 Ways of Reproduction in Stems
Rhizomes, Bulbs and Corm
Rhizomes are
Thickened underground stems
Rhizomes store
Food
How does Rhizomes reproduce
Smaller baby stem tubers form around the parent stem tuber
Stem tubers are
Modified swollen underground stems storing starchy food
Bulbs are
short, modified underground stems
Bulbs are surrounded by
Fleshy scale leaves
Bulbs are surrounded by
Fleshy scale leaves
Fleshy scale leaves contain
stored food for the shoot
Examples of bulb reproduction
Onion and garlic bulbs
Examples of bulb reproduction
Onion and garlic bulbs
Corm is
Short underground stem that is formed on the side of the old corm
Spore formation happens to
ferns and mosses
How does Spores formation happen
Spore germinate and develop into a new plant that is identical to the parent plant
Types of Artificial propagation
- Grafting
- Cutting
- Layering
- Micropropagation
What is grafting
Grafting is cutting one part of a plant, and connecting it to another plant
Requirements of Grafting
- Plants must be around the same size
- We must wrap the connection to allow it to have time to build a connection
What is cutting process in Artificial Propagation
Cutting one part of a plant, and sticking it to the soil
What is cutting process in Artificial Propagation
Cutting one part of a plant, and sticking it to the soil
What is Layering in Artifical Propagation
Taking a long stem(runner/stolon) and dipping it into a soil
What is Layering in Artifical Propagation
Taking a long stem(runner/stolon) and dipping it into a soil
What is Micropropagation
The process of cutting leaves into certain pieces.
The leaves will be put into certain medium to let it grow
The 3 Main parts of Flower
- Perianth
- Stamen(Androecium)
- Carpel(Gynoecium)
Parts of Perianth
Sepal and Petal
All the sepal in a flower is called
Calyx
What does Sepal act as
Protection for the flower when it is a bud
All the petals in a flower is called
Corolla
What does Petal do
(2)
Protect sex organs of plants
Attract insects for pollination
Parts of Stamen(Androecium)
Anther and Filament
What does anther do?
Make Pollen Grains
What does pollen grain contain
Male Gamete of the flower
What is a filament
Stalk that Holds up the anther
Parts of the carpel(Gynoecium)
(3)
Ovule, Stigma, Style
Ovule is made in
Ovary
Stigma is
The Place where pollen grain lands
Style is
the stalk that connects stigma and ovary
Style is
the stalk that connects stigma and ovary
Formation of Pollen Grains in Anther
1) For the plant to reproduce it needs to produce, Pollen Grains(Male) and Ovules(female).
2) Anther has four pollen sacs
3) Each pollen sac, contains hundreds of diploid cells (pollen mother cell)
4) Pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to produce four haploids’ microspores
5) Microspore performs mitosis to form two types of nuclei, tube nucleus and generative nucleus
6) Microspores develop into pollen grains.
Formation of embryo sac in ovule
1) Ovule develops from the tissue in the ovary of a flower
2) Embryo sac mother cell undergoes miosis and forms 4 haploid megaspores
3) Only one megaspore survives.
4) The surviving/functional megaspore enlarges many times, filling the ovule
5) The nucleus of the megaspore undergoes 3 mitotic divisions to form 8 haploid nuclei
6) 3 of the 8 migrate to one end forming antipodal cells.
7) 2 move to the center to form polar nuclei
8) 3 Nuclei at the other end, form an egg cell clamped by 2 synergid cells
9) This structure formed is called embryo sac.
Double Fertilization is
- Process of fertilization that happens twice in flowering plants
What is formed first time of double fertilization
Diploid Zygote
What is formed second time of double fertilization
Triploid nucleus
Fertilized ovule develops into :
Zygote becomes:
Seed ; Embryo
Integuments become
Seed Coat
Ovary become :
Ovary wall become
Fruit ; Fruitwall
Process of double fertilization in flowering plants
1) Pollen grains transferred by pollinating agents to stigmas of the flower
2) Stigma has sticky sugar solution
3) Pollen grains stick onto the sticky solution, so they don’t fall off or get blown away.
4) Sugars in the stigma stimulate pollen grain to germinate and form the pollen tube
5) Pollen tube grows into the style towards the ovule
6) At the same time, generative nucleus divides by mitosis into two male gamete nuclei
7) Tube nucleus leads the male nuclei to move down the pollen tube
8) When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, it penetrates the ovule through the micropyle
9) Tube nucleus disintegrates, leaving a clear passage for the male nuclei to enter embryo sac
10) One Male Nuclei fuses with egg cell to form diploid zygote
11) Other male nucleus moves further in to fuse with the other two polar nuclei forming a triploid nucleus
12) The Triploid nucleus divides to form a special nutritive tissue called endosperm
13) Zygote divides and grows into an embryo
14) The outer layer of ovule loses moisture and develops hard seed coat
15) The seed coat protects the embryo and its endosperm
What is metagenesis
reproduction cycle of an organism that alternates between sexual and asexual generations
Types of plants showing metagenesis : (3)
Bryophyta, pteridophyte, Gymnospermae
- Sporophyte reproduces by
asexual method through spores (diploid)
- Gametophyte reproduces by
the sexual method through gametes (haploid)
Gametophyte gives life to …
Sporophyte gives life to
- Gametophyte gives life to sporophyte and sporophyte gives life to the gametophyte
The alteration of Gametophyte gives life to sporophyte and sporophyte gives life to the gametophyte is called
Alteration of generations
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